2023年10月9日发(作者：广州伊利莎白医院)

中央文献重要术语译文发布

区域协同发展

城乡发展一体化

物质文明和精神文明协调发展

军民融合发展战略

经济建设和国防建设融合发展

京津冀协同发展

development progress together

national defense

coordinated development between regions

urban-rural integration

ensure that cultural-ethical and material

military-civilian integration strategy

integrated development of the economy and

coordinated development of the Beijing,

Tianjin, and Hebei region

multimodal transport corridor

residence card system

mechanism linking the transfer payments a

local government receives to the number of

former rural residents granted urban

residency in its jurisdiction

mechanism linking increases in the amount

of land designated for urban development in

a locality to the number of former rural

residents granted urban residency there

new type of Chinese think tanks

Marxist Theory Research and Development

Project

initiative to promote innovation in

philosophy and the social sciences

initiative to enrich online content

rural living environment improvement

initiative

综合立体交通走廊

居住证制度

财政转移支付同农业转移人口市民化挂钩

机制

城镇建设用地增加规模同吸纳农业转移人

口落户数量挂钩机制

中国特色新型智库

马克思主义理论研究和建设工程

哲学社会科学创新工程

网络内容建设工程

农村人居环境整治行动

历史文化名村名镇

cultural heritage

美丽宜居乡村

to live in

中文 英文

引领型发展

创新驱动发展战略

towns and villages with rich historical and

a countryside that is beautiful and pleasant

leading-edge development

innovation-driven development strategy

优进优出战略

网络强国战略

国家大数据战略

藏粮于地、藏粮于技战略

智能制造工程

大科学工程

能源安全储备制度

金融宏观审慎管理制度

普惠性创新支持政策体系

企业研发费用加计扣除政策

协同创新

众创、众包、众扶、众筹

strategy for optimizing imports and exports

national cyber development strategy

national big data strategy

food crop production strategy based on farmland management

and technological application

smart manufacturing initiative

Big Science project

energy security reserve system

macroprudential regulation of the financial sector

inclusive policies for the support of innovation

policy of additional tax deductions for enterprise research and

development

collaborative innovation

crowd innovation, crowdsourcing, crowd support, and

crowdfunding

宏观政策要稳、产业政策要

The idea is to ensure macro-level policy maintains economic

准、微观政策要活、改革政

stability, industrial policy is targeted, micro-level policy injects

策要实、社会政策要托底的

dynamism into the economy, reform policy delivers results, and

social policy sees basic living needs are met.

总体思路

稳中求进工作总基调

供给侧结构性改革

seeking progress while working to keep performance stable

supply-side structural reform

区间调控、定向调控、相机

range-based, targeted, and well-timed regulation

调控

去产能、去库存、去杠杆、

address overcapacity, reduce inventory, deleverage, lower costs,

and bolster areas of weakness

降成本、补短板

发展新动能

与地方事权和支出责任划分

国际产能合作

new driver of growth

define the respective powers and spending responsibilities of the

central and local governments

international cooperation on production capacity

准入前国民待遇加负面清单

the pre-establishment national treatment plus negative list

system

管理制度

质量强国

知识产权强国

工匠精神

政府法律顾问制度

中国特色大国外交理念

为政之道，民生为本

a country strong on quality

IPR powerhouse

spirit of craftsmanship

system of government legal advisors

the philosophy underpinning China’s diplomacy as a major

country

That government is best which gives prime place to the wellbeing

of the people.

简除烦苛，禁察非法

上下同欲者胜

cut red tape and root out illegalities

Success comes to those who share in one purpose.

国民经济和社会发展第十三

the 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of

个五年规划（“十三五”规划）

the People’s Republic of China (the 13th Five-Year Plan )

全面建成小康社会决胜阶段

坚持人民主体地位

引领经济发展新常态

中高速增长

创新发展

the decisive stage in finishing building a moderately prosperous

society in all respects

uphold the principal position of the people

guide the new normal in China’s economic development

medium-high rate of economic growth

innovative development

创新是引领发展的第一动力

Innovation is the primary engine of development.

协调发展

coordinated development

协调是持续健康发展的内在

Coordination is an integral aspect of sustained and healthy

development.

要求

绿色发展

green development; eco-friendly development

绿色是永续发展的必要条件

Green, which represents an eco-friendly outlook, is a necessary

和人民对美好生活追求的重

condition for ensuring lasting development as well as an

important way in which people pursue a better life.

要体现

开放发展

open development

开放是国家繁荣发展的必由

Opening up is the path China must take to achieve prosperity and

development.

之路

共享发展

shared development

共享是中国特色社会主义的

Sharing is the essence of socialism with Chinese characteristics

本质要求

人与自然和谐发展

生命共同体

生态文明

生态文化

国家生态安全

全球生态安全

humankind develops in harmony with nature; harmonious

development between man and nature

a community of life

ecological progress; ecological conservation; eco-civilization

eco-culture

national ecological security

global ecological security

生态文明制度体系

institutional framework for promoting ecological progress

【例】到2020年，构建起由

By 2020, an institutional framework composed of eight systems

自然资源资产产权制度、国

will have been established for promoting ecological progress,

土空间开发保护制度等八项

including a property rights system for natural resource assets and

制度构成的生态文明制度体

a system for developing and protecting territorial space.

系。

reform for promoting ecological progress

生态文明体制改革

【例】紧紧围绕建设美丽中

To build a beautiful China, we will deepen reform to promote

国,深化生态文明体制改革，

ecological progress and move faster to establish related systems

加快建立生态文明制度，推

so as to create a new model of modernization that ensures

动形成人与自然和谐发展现

humanity develops in harmony with nature.

代化建设新格局。

绿色发展、循环发展、低碳

green, circular, and low-carbon development

发展

节约优先、保护优先、自然

give high priority to conserving resources, protecting the

environment, and letting nature restore itself

恢复为主

生态保护红线

国家公园体制

ecological conservation redline

national park system

资源有偿使用和生态补偿制

system for payment-based resource use and compensation for

ecological conservation

度

跨区域、跨流域生态补偿机

mechanism for trans-regional and cross-watershed compensation

for ecological conservation

制

生态文明绩效评价考核和责

ecological conservation performance assessment and

accountability

任追究

生态环境损害责任终身追究

system of lifelong accountability for ecological and environmental

damage

制

污染物排放许可制

绿水青山就是金山银山

苟日新，日日新，又日新

千里之行，始于足下

政贵有恒

功崇惟志，业广惟勤

鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已

兄弟齐心，其利断金

君子一言，驷马难追

permit system for pollutants emissions

Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets.

If you can improve yourself in a day, do so each day, forever

building on improvement.

A journey of a thousand li begins with a single step.

Consistency is valuable in governance.

Great accomplishments require ambition and tireless effort.

I will work heart and soul for my country to the day I draw my last

breath.

When brothers come together, there is nothing they cannot

achieve.

A word spoken is a word that must be honored.

harmony in diversity

和而不同

【例】中国自古就主张和而

China has, since ancient times, been an exponent of harmony in

不同。我们希望，国与国之

diversity. We hope that different countries and different

间、不同文明之间能够平等

civilizations will engage in exchange on an equal basis, learn from

each other, and achieve common progress. We hope that the

交流、相互借鉴、共同进步，

各国人民都能够共享世界经

people of all countries will share in the fruits of global economic,

济科技发展的成果，各国人

scientific, and technological advances and that their aspirations

民的意愿能够得到尊重，各

are respected. We also hope that all countries will work together

国能够齐心协力推动建设持

in building a harmonious world where peace is lasting and

久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世

prosperity is shared by all.

界。

The finer details fall into place when they align with the bigger

得其大者可以兼其小

picture.

【例】“得其大者可以兼其

The finer details fall into place when they align with the bigger

小。”只有把人生理想融入国

picture. You will accomplish something significant in life if you

家和民族的事业中，才能最

integrate your ambitions into the cause of your country and its

终成就一番事业。

people.

On reaching the last leg of a journey, you are only half way there.

行百里者半九十

【例】行百里者半九十。距

On reaching the last leg of a journey, you are only half way there.

离实现中华民族伟大复兴的

The closer we are to our goal of rejuvenating the Chinese nation,

the less we can afford to slack off, the more we need to intensify

目标越近，我们越不能懈怠，

越要加倍努力，越要动员广

our efforts, and the more we need to encourage young people to

work toward this goal.

大青年为之奋斗。

位卑未敢忘忧国

Whatever my status, I will never lay aside my concern for the

nation.

富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，

never be corrupted by wealth or status, depart from principle due

to poverty or humble position, or bow down to power or force

威武不能屈

先天下之忧而忧，后天下之

I wish to be the first to worry about the nation’s woes and the last

to share in its prosperity.

乐而乐

苟利国家生死以，

岂因祸福避趋之

人生自古谁无死，

留取丹心照汗青

长风破浪会有时，

直挂云帆济沧海

Were it to benefit my country I would lay down my life;

What then is risk to me?

Everyone will one day die;

When my day comes, may my loyalty be inscribed in the pages of

history.

Someday, with my sail piercing the clouds;

I will mount the wind, break the waves, and traverse the vast,

rolling sea.

Chinese Dream

中国梦

【例】实现中华民族伟大复

The rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has been the greatest

兴，是近代以来中国人民最

dream of the Chinese people since the beginning of modern

伟大的梦想，我们称之为“中

times; we call this the Chinese Dream. The idea in essence is to

国梦”，基本内涵是实现国家

make the country prosperous and strong, rejuvenate the nation,

富强、民族振兴、人民幸福。

and see that the people are happy.

中国道路

Chinese path

【例】实现中国梦必须走中

To realize the Chinese Dream, we must follow a Chinese path –

国道路。这就是中国特色社

the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

会主义道路。

Chinese spirit

中国精神

【例】实现中国梦必须弘扬

To realize the Chinese Dream, we must foster the Chinese spirit –

中国精神。这就是以爱国主

a fusion of the spirit of the Chinese people, central to which is

义为核心的民族精神，以改

patriotism, and the spirit of our era, central to which are reform

革创新为核心的时代精神。

and innovation.

Chinese strength

中国力量

【例】实现中国梦必须凝聚

To realize the Chinese Dream, we must bring together Chinese

中国力量。这就是中国各族

strength – the strength produced by all Chinese people coming

together in unity.

人民大团结的力量。

Chinese approach

中国方案

【例】我们将更多提出中国

We will propose more Chinese approaches, share more Chinese

方案、贡献中国智慧，为国

knowledge, and offer more public goods to the international

际社会提供更多公共产品。

community.

和平发展道路

path of peaceful development

【例】中国走和平发展道路，

其他国家也都要走和平发展

China is taking the path of peaceful development, as should other

道路，只有各国都走和平发

countries. Only if everyone takes this path can all countries

develop together and live in peace.

展道路，各国才能共同发展，

国与国才能和平相处。

mutually beneficial opening up strategy

互利共赢的开放战略

【例】中国将始终不渝奉行

China will remain firmly committed to a mutually beneficial

互利共赢的开放战略，通过

opening up strategy, and through deeper cooperation, promote

深化合作促进世界经济强

the robust, sustainable, and balanced growth of the world

劲、可持续、平衡增长。

economy.

世界人民的梦想

dreams of all peoples

【例】中国梦既是中国人民

The Chinese Dream is the Chinese people’s dream of happiness

追求幸福的梦，也同世界人

and is closely connected with the dreams of all peoples.

民的梦想息息相通。

命运共同体

community with a common future

【例】我们的事业是同世界

Our cause is the cause of win-win cooperation with all countries.

各国合作共赢的事业。国际

The world is increasingly becoming a community with a common

社会日益成为一个你中有

future in which all countries are interdependent.

我、我中有你的命运共同体。

九一八事变

七七事变（卢沟桥事变）

淞沪会战

平型关大捷

台儿庄大捷

武汉会战

百团大战

八路军

新四军

东北抗日联军

华南人民抗日游击队

中国远征军

September 18th Incident

July 7th Incident (Lugou Bridge Incident)

Battle of Shanghai

Battle of Pingxingguan; victory at Pingxingguan

Battle of Tai’erzhuang; victory at Tai’erzhuang

Battle of Wuhan

Hundred-Regiment Campaign

Eighth Route Army

New Fourth Army

Northeast United Resistance Army

Southern China People’s Counter-Japanese Guerrilla Force

Chinese Expeditionary Force

持久战

游击战

运动战

地道战

地雷战

抗日根据地

解放区

游击区

敌占区（沦陷区）

“大东亚共荣圈”

“三光”政策

南京大屠杀

“慰安妇”

细菌战

化学战

“扫荡”

“蚕食”

“清乡”

protracted war

guerrilla warfare

mobile warfare

tunnel warfare

landmine warfare

resistance base

liberated area

guerrilla area

enemy-occupied area; occupied area

“Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”

“Three Alls” policy (kill all, burn all, loot all)

Nanjing Massacre

“comfort women”

germ warfare

chemical warfare

“mopping-up” operation

“gnawing-away” operation

“pacification” operation

“731部队（”满洲第731部队）

“Unit 731” (Unit 731 of Manchuria)

the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese

中国人民抗日战争

（简称：抗日战争、抗战）

Aggression (the War of Resistance)

抗日民族统一战线

全面全民族抗战

片面抗战

全国抗战

局部抗战

正面战场

敌后战场

战略防御/相持/反攻

世界反法西斯战争

国际反法西斯统一战线

战争策源地

中国战场

欧洲战场

太平洋战场

Chinese united front against Japanese aggression

total resistance against Japanese aggression by the whole nation

partial resistance against Japanese aggression

nationwide war of resistance against Japanese aggression

regional war of resistance against Japanese aggression

center stage battlefield

backstage battlefield

strategic defense/stalemate/counter-offensive

the Global War against Fascism

the international anti-fascist united front

hotbed of war

China theater

European theater

Pacific theater

the main Eastern battlefield

东方主战场

【例】中国开辟了世界反法

The main Eastern battlefield for the Global War against Fascism

西斯战争的东方主战场。

无条件投降

was developed in China.

unconditional surrender

中国人民抗日战争胜利纪念

Victory Memorial Day for the Chinese People’s War of Resistance

against Japanese Aggression (VM Day)

日

创新政府、廉洁政府和服务

an innovative, clean, and service-oriented government

型政府

政府机构改革

转变政府职能

简政放权、放管结合

government institutional reform

transform government functions

streamline government functions and administration and delegate

powers while improving regulation

用政府权力的“减法”，换取市

cut government powers to boost market vitality

场活力的“乘法”

法定职责必须为、法无授权

Government must carry out all statutory functions and duties and

may not do anything not authorized by law.

不可为

政府责任清单

市场准入负面清单

行政审批

简化对外投资审批程序

实施大部门制

商事制度改革

三证合一

基本公共服务均等化

社会主义法治国家

建设法治中国

依法治国

依法执政

依法行政

依宪治国

宪法日

list of government responsibilities

market access negative list

government review and approval

simplify procedures for reviewing outbound investment

merge and streamline government departments

reform of the business system

integrate the business license, the organization code certificate,

and the certificate of taxation registration into one document

ensure equitable access to basic public services

socialist rule of law country;

socialist country built on the rule of law

build a rule of law China

law-based governance of the country

law-based exercise of state power

law-based administration of government

governance of the country on the basis of its constitution

Constitution Day

法律是治国之重器，良法是

The law is of great value in the governance of a country, and good

有法可依，有法必依，执法

ensure that laws are put in place, observed, and strictly enforced

and that anyone who violates the law is held to account

必严，违法必究

take a well-conceived approach to law-making, and ensure that

科学立法、严格执法、公正

law is strictly enforced, justice is administered impartially, and the

司法、全民守法

law is observed by all

a rule of law government which has well-conceived functions and

职能科学、权责法定、执法

statutorily defined powers and responsibilities; which strictly

严明、公开公正、廉洁高效、

enforces the law and is impartial; and which operates in an open,

守法诚信的法治政府

clean, and efficient way, with strong credibility

执法责任制

人民陪审员制度

accountability system for law enforcement

system of people’s assessors

重大决策终身责任追究制度

system of lifelong accountability for major decisions

重大决策责任倒查机制

政府权力清单

mechanism for retroactive investigation into accountability for

major decisions

list of government powers

依法治国和以德治国相结合

combine the rule of law with the rule of virtue

天下之事，不难于立法，而

In the governance of a country, it is the enforcement, not the

enactment, of law that presents the greatest challenge.

难于法之必行

法立，有犯而必施；令出，

Once enacted, a law must be enforced and anyone who violates it

must be held to account.

唯行而不返

Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy

The Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy is to make

四个全面”战略布局

comprehensive moves to:

【释义】全面建成小康社会、

1) finish building a moderately prosperous society;

全面深化改革、全面依法治

2) deepen reform;

国、全面从严治党。

3) advance the law-based governance of China; and

4) strengthen Party self-discipline.

Two Centenary Goals

“两个一百年”奋斗目标

The Two Centenary Goals are: to finish building a moderately

【释义】在中国共产党成立

prosperous society in all respects by the time the Communist

一百年时全面建成小康社

Party of China celebrates its centenary in 2021; and to turn China

会，在新中国成立一百年时

into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong,

建成富强民主文明和谐的社

democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the time the

会主义现代化国家。

People’s Republic of China celebrates its centenary in 2049.

三期叠加

simultaneously deal with the slowdown in economic growth,

make difficult structural adjustments, and absorb the effects of

previous economic stimulus policies

dual objectives

双目标

We must focus on achieving the dual objectives of maintaining a

【例】保持中高速增长和迈

medium-high rate of growth and moving toward a medium-high

向中高端水平双目标。

level of development.

twin engines

双引擎

【例】打造大众创业、万众

We need to develop twin engines – popular entrepreneurship and

创新和增加公共产品、公共

innovation, and greater supplies of public goods and services – to

drive development.

服务双引擎。

new normal

新常态

China’s economic development has entered a new normal,

【例】经济发展进入新常态，

meaning we must adopt a new mindset.

精神面貌要有新状态。

tough stance

高压态势

【例】始终保持反腐高压态

Our tough stance on corruption is here to stay; our tolerance for

势，对腐败分子零容忍、严

corruption is zero, and anyone guilty of corruption will be dealt

with severely.

查处。

硬骨头

【例】啃了不少硬骨头

tough issue

We tackled many tough issues.

tiger in the road

拦路虎

【例】体制机制弊端和结构

Institutional and structural problems have become “tigers in the

road” holding up development.

性矛盾是“拦路虎”。

give (sb) a leg up to get (sb) going

扶上马、送一程

Medium, small, and micro businesses can accomplish great things.

【例】中小微企业大有可为，

We need to give them a leg up to get them going.

要扶上马、送一程。

maker

创客

We have seen great numbers of makers giving expression to their

【例】众多“创客” 脱颖而出。

talents.

众创空间

【例】发展众创空间

中国制造2025

“互联网+”行动计划

普惠金融

税收法定原则

保持战略定力

经济行稳致远

强农惠农富农

健康稳定的大国关系框架

为公平竞争搭好舞台

织密织牢民生保障网

maker space

develop maker spaces

Made in China 2025 strategy

Internet Plus Action Plan

inclusive finance

principle of law-based taxation

maintain strategic focus

maintain sustainable economic growth

strengthen agriculture, benefit farmers, and raise rural living

standards

a sound and stable framework for major-country relations

level the playing field for fair competition

develop a tightly woven and sturdy safety net

让更多的金融活水流向实体

allow more financial resources to be channeled into the real

economy

经济

从制造大国转向制造强国

加强国际传播能力建设

transform China from a manufacturer of quantity to one of quality

improve our ability to communicate effectively with international

audiences

结构性减税和普遍性降费

精准扶贫、精准脱贫

make structural tax reductions and cut fees across the board

take targeted measures to help people lift themselves out of

poverty

以释放市场活力对冲经济下

invigorate the market to offset downward economic pressure

行压力

保基本、兜底线、建机制

有权不可任性

build up a basic safety net, ensure there is a cushion in place for

those most in need, and make due institutional arrangements

Power is not to be used arbitrarily.

2023年10月9日发(作者：广州伊利莎白医院)

中央文献重要术语译文发布

区域协同发展

城乡发展一体化

物质文明和精神文明协调发展

军民融合发展战略

经济建设和国防建设融合发展

京津冀协同发展

development progress together

national defense

coordinated development between regions

urban-rural integration

ensure that cultural-ethical and material

military-civilian integration strategy

integrated development of the economy and

coordinated development of the Beijing,

Tianjin, and Hebei region

multimodal transport corridor

residence card system

mechanism linking the transfer payments a

local government receives to the number of

former rural residents granted urban

residency in its jurisdiction

mechanism linking increases in the amount

of land designated for urban development in

a locality to the number of former rural

residents granted urban residency there

new type of Chinese think tanks

Marxist Theory Research and Development

Project

initiative to promote innovation in

philosophy and the social sciences

initiative to enrich online content

rural living environment improvement

initiative

综合立体交通走廊

居住证制度

财政转移支付同农业转移人口市民化挂钩

机制

城镇建设用地增加规模同吸纳农业转移人

口落户数量挂钩机制

中国特色新型智库

马克思主义理论研究和建设工程

哲学社会科学创新工程

网络内容建设工程

农村人居环境整治行动

历史文化名村名镇

cultural heritage

美丽宜居乡村

to live in

中文 英文

引领型发展

创新驱动发展战略

towns and villages with rich historical and

a countryside that is beautiful and pleasant

leading-edge development

innovation-driven development strategy

优进优出战略

网络强国战略

国家大数据战略

藏粮于地、藏粮于技战略

智能制造工程

大科学工程

能源安全储备制度

金融宏观审慎管理制度

普惠性创新支持政策体系

企业研发费用加计扣除政策

协同创新

众创、众包、众扶、众筹

strategy for optimizing imports and exports

national cyber development strategy

national big data strategy

food crop production strategy based on farmland management

and technological application

smart manufacturing initiative

Big Science project

energy security reserve system

macroprudential regulation of the financial sector

inclusive policies for the support of innovation

policy of additional tax deductions for enterprise research and

development

collaborative innovation

crowd innovation, crowdsourcing, crowd support, and

crowdfunding

宏观政策要稳、产业政策要

The idea is to ensure macro-level policy maintains economic

准、微观政策要活、改革政

stability, industrial policy is targeted, micro-level policy injects

策要实、社会政策要托底的

dynamism into the economy, reform policy delivers results, and

social policy sees basic living needs are met.

总体思路

稳中求进工作总基调

供给侧结构性改革

seeking progress while working to keep performance stable

supply-side structural reform

区间调控、定向调控、相机

range-based, targeted, and well-timed regulation

调控

去产能、去库存、去杠杆、

address overcapacity, reduce inventory, deleverage, lower costs,

and bolster areas of weakness

降成本、补短板

发展新动能

与地方事权和支出责任划分

国际产能合作

new driver of growth

define the respective powers and spending responsibilities of the

central and local governments

international cooperation on production capacity

准入前国民待遇加负面清单

the pre-establishment national treatment plus negative list

system

管理制度

质量强国

知识产权强国

工匠精神

政府法律顾问制度

中国特色大国外交理念

为政之道，民生为本

a country strong on quality

IPR powerhouse

spirit of craftsmanship

system of government legal advisors

the philosophy underpinning China’s diplomacy as a major

country

That government is best which gives prime place to the wellbeing

of the people.

简除烦苛，禁察非法

上下同欲者胜

cut red tape and root out illegalities

Success comes to those who share in one purpose.

国民经济和社会发展第十三

the 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of

个五年规划（“十三五”规划）

the People’s Republic of China (the 13th Five-Year Plan )

全面建成小康社会决胜阶段

坚持人民主体地位

引领经济发展新常态

中高速增长

创新发展

the decisive stage in finishing building a moderately prosperous

society in all respects

uphold the principal position of the people

guide the new normal in China’s economic development

medium-high rate of economic growth

innovative development

创新是引领发展的第一动力

Innovation is the primary engine of development.

协调发展

coordinated development

协调是持续健康发展的内在

Coordination is an integral aspect of sustained and healthy

development.

要求

绿色发展

green development; eco-friendly development

绿色是永续发展的必要条件

Green, which represents an eco-friendly outlook, is a necessary

和人民对美好生活追求的重

condition for ensuring lasting development as well as an

important way in which people pursue a better life.

要体现

开放发展

open development

开放是国家繁荣发展的必由

Opening up is the path China must take to achieve prosperity and

development.

之路

共享发展

shared development

共享是中国特色社会主义的

Sharing is the essence of socialism with Chinese characteristics

本质要求

人与自然和谐发展

生命共同体

生态文明

生态文化

国家生态安全

全球生态安全

humankind develops in harmony with nature; harmonious

development between man and nature

a community of life

ecological progress; ecological conservation; eco-civilization

eco-culture

national ecological security

global ecological security

生态文明制度体系

institutional framework for promoting ecological progress

【例】到2020年，构建起由

By 2020, an institutional framework composed of eight systems

自然资源资产产权制度、国

will have been established for promoting ecological progress,

土空间开发保护制度等八项

including a property rights system for natural resource assets and

制度构成的生态文明制度体

a system for developing and protecting territorial space.

系。

reform for promoting ecological progress

生态文明体制改革

【例】紧紧围绕建设美丽中

To build a beautiful China, we will deepen reform to promote

国,深化生态文明体制改革，

ecological progress and move faster to establish related systems

加快建立生态文明制度，推

so as to create a new model of modernization that ensures

动形成人与自然和谐发展现

humanity develops in harmony with nature.

代化建设新格局。

绿色发展、循环发展、低碳

green, circular, and low-carbon development

发展

节约优先、保护优先、自然

give high priority to conserving resources, protecting the

environment, and letting nature restore itself

恢复为主

生态保护红线

国家公园体制

ecological conservation redline

national park system

资源有偿使用和生态补偿制

system for payment-based resource use and compensation for

ecological conservation

度

跨区域、跨流域生态补偿机

mechanism for trans-regional and cross-watershed compensation

for ecological conservation

制

生态文明绩效评价考核和责

ecological conservation performance assessment and

accountability

任追究

生态环境损害责任终身追究

system of lifelong accountability for ecological and environmental

damage

制

污染物排放许可制

绿水青山就是金山银山

苟日新，日日新，又日新

千里之行，始于足下

政贵有恒

功崇惟志，业广惟勤

鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已

兄弟齐心，其利断金

君子一言，驷马难追

permit system for pollutants emissions

Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets.

If you can improve yourself in a day, do so each day, forever

building on improvement.

A journey of a thousand li begins with a single step.

Consistency is valuable in governance.

Great accomplishments require ambition and tireless effort.

I will work heart and soul for my country to the day I draw my last

breath.

When brothers come together, there is nothing they cannot

achieve.

A word spoken is a word that must be honored.

harmony in diversity

和而不同

【例】中国自古就主张和而

China has, since ancient times, been an exponent of harmony in

不同。我们希望，国与国之

diversity. We hope that different countries and different

间、不同文明之间能够平等

civilizations will engage in exchange on an equal basis, learn from

each other, and achieve common progress. We hope that the

交流、相互借鉴、共同进步，

各国人民都能够共享世界经

people of all countries will share in the fruits of global economic,

济科技发展的成果，各国人

scientific, and technological advances and that their aspirations

民的意愿能够得到尊重，各

are respected. We also hope that all countries will work together

国能够齐心协力推动建设持

in building a harmonious world where peace is lasting and

久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世

prosperity is shared by all.

界。

The finer details fall into place when they align with the bigger

得其大者可以兼其小

picture.

【例】“得其大者可以兼其

The finer details fall into place when they align with the bigger

小。”只有把人生理想融入国

picture. You will accomplish something significant in life if you

家和民族的事业中，才能最

integrate your ambitions into the cause of your country and its

终成就一番事业。

people.

On reaching the last leg of a journey, you are only half way there.

行百里者半九十

【例】行百里者半九十。距

On reaching the last leg of a journey, you are only half way there.

离实现中华民族伟大复兴的

The closer we are to our goal of rejuvenating the Chinese nation,

the less we can afford to slack off, the more we need to intensify

目标越近，我们越不能懈怠，

越要加倍努力，越要动员广

our efforts, and the more we need to encourage young people to

work toward this goal.

大青年为之奋斗。

位卑未敢忘忧国

Whatever my status, I will never lay aside my concern for the

nation.

富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，

never be corrupted by wealth or status, depart from principle due

to poverty or humble position, or bow down to power or force

威武不能屈

先天下之忧而忧，后天下之

I wish to be the first to worry about the nation’s woes and the last

to share in its prosperity.

乐而乐

苟利国家生死以，

岂因祸福避趋之

人生自古谁无死，

留取丹心照汗青

长风破浪会有时，

直挂云帆济沧海

Were it to benefit my country I would lay down my life;

What then is risk to me?

Everyone will one day die;

When my day comes, may my loyalty be inscribed in the pages of

history.

Someday, with my sail piercing the clouds;

I will mount the wind, break the waves, and traverse the vast,

rolling sea.

Chinese Dream

中国梦

【例】实现中华民族伟大复

The rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has been the greatest

兴，是近代以来中国人民最

dream of the Chinese people since the beginning of modern

伟大的梦想，我们称之为“中

times; we call this the Chinese Dream. The idea in essence is to

国梦”，基本内涵是实现国家

make the country prosperous and strong, rejuvenate the nation,

富强、民族振兴、人民幸福。

and see that the people are happy.

中国道路

Chinese path

【例】实现中国梦必须走中

To realize the Chinese Dream, we must follow a Chinese path –

国道路。这就是中国特色社

the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

会主义道路。

Chinese spirit

中国精神

【例】实现中国梦必须弘扬

To realize the Chinese Dream, we must foster the Chinese spirit –

中国精神。这就是以爱国主

a fusion of the spirit of the Chinese people, central to which is

义为核心的民族精神，以改

patriotism, and the spirit of our era, central to which are reform

革创新为核心的时代精神。

and innovation.

Chinese strength

中国力量

【例】实现中国梦必须凝聚

To realize the Chinese Dream, we must bring together Chinese

中国力量。这就是中国各族

strength – the strength produced by all Chinese people coming

together in unity.

人民大团结的力量。

Chinese approach

中国方案

【例】我们将更多提出中国

We will propose more Chinese approaches, share more Chinese

方案、贡献中国智慧，为国

knowledge, and offer more public goods to the international

际社会提供更多公共产品。

community.

和平发展道路

path of peaceful development

【例】中国走和平发展道路，

其他国家也都要走和平发展

China is taking the path of peaceful development, as should other

道路，只有各国都走和平发

countries. Only if everyone takes this path can all countries

develop together and live in peace.

展道路，各国才能共同发展，

国与国才能和平相处。

mutually beneficial opening up strategy

互利共赢的开放战略

【例】中国将始终不渝奉行

China will remain firmly committed to a mutually beneficial

互利共赢的开放战略，通过

opening up strategy, and through deeper cooperation, promote

深化合作促进世界经济强

the robust, sustainable, and balanced growth of the world

劲、可持续、平衡增长。

economy.

世界人民的梦想

dreams of all peoples

【例】中国梦既是中国人民

The Chinese Dream is the Chinese people’s dream of happiness

追求幸福的梦，也同世界人

and is closely connected with the dreams of all peoples.

民的梦想息息相通。

命运共同体

community with a common future

【例】我们的事业是同世界

Our cause is the cause of win-win cooperation with all countries.

各国合作共赢的事业。国际

The world is increasingly becoming a community with a common

社会日益成为一个你中有

future in which all countries are interdependent.

我、我中有你的命运共同体。

九一八事变

七七事变（卢沟桥事变）

淞沪会战

平型关大捷

台儿庄大捷

武汉会战

百团大战

八路军

新四军

东北抗日联军

华南人民抗日游击队

中国远征军

September 18th Incident

July 7th Incident (Lugou Bridge Incident)

Battle of Shanghai

Battle of Pingxingguan; victory at Pingxingguan

Battle of Tai’erzhuang; victory at Tai’erzhuang

Battle of Wuhan

Hundred-Regiment Campaign

Eighth Route Army

New Fourth Army

Northeast United Resistance Army

Southern China People’s Counter-Japanese Guerrilla Force

Chinese Expeditionary Force

持久战

游击战

运动战

地道战

地雷战

抗日根据地

解放区

游击区

敌占区（沦陷区）

“大东亚共荣圈”

“三光”政策

南京大屠杀

“慰安妇”

细菌战

化学战

“扫荡”

“蚕食”

“清乡”

protracted war

guerrilla warfare

mobile warfare

tunnel warfare

landmine warfare

resistance base

liberated area

guerrilla area

enemy-occupied area; occupied area

“Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”

“Three Alls” policy (kill all, burn all, loot all)

Nanjing Massacre

“comfort women”

germ warfare

chemical warfare

“mopping-up” operation

“gnawing-away” operation

“pacification” operation

“731部队（”满洲第731部队）

“Unit 731” (Unit 731 of Manchuria)

the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese

中国人民抗日战争

（简称：抗日战争、抗战）

Aggression (the War of Resistance)

抗日民族统一战线

全面全民族抗战

片面抗战

全国抗战

局部抗战

正面战场

敌后战场

战略防御/相持/反攻

世界反法西斯战争

国际反法西斯统一战线

战争策源地

中国战场

欧洲战场

太平洋战场

Chinese united front against Japanese aggression

total resistance against Japanese aggression by the whole nation

partial resistance against Japanese aggression

nationwide war of resistance against Japanese aggression

regional war of resistance against Japanese aggression

center stage battlefield

backstage battlefield

strategic defense/stalemate/counter-offensive

the Global War against Fascism

the international anti-fascist united front

hotbed of war

China theater

European theater

Pacific theater

the main Eastern battlefield

东方主战场

【例】中国开辟了世界反法

The main Eastern battlefield for the Global War against Fascism

西斯战争的东方主战场。

无条件投降

was developed in China.

unconditional surrender

中国人民抗日战争胜利纪念

Victory Memorial Day for the Chinese People’s War of Resistance

against Japanese Aggression (VM Day)

日

创新政府、廉洁政府和服务

an innovative, clean, and service-oriented government

型政府

政府机构改革

转变政府职能

简政放权、放管结合

government institutional reform

transform government functions

streamline government functions and administration and delegate

powers while improving regulation

用政府权力的“减法”，换取市

cut government powers to boost market vitality

场活力的“乘法”

法定职责必须为、法无授权

Government must carry out all statutory functions and duties and

may not do anything not authorized by law.

不可为

政府责任清单

市场准入负面清单

行政审批

简化对外投资审批程序

实施大部门制

商事制度改革

三证合一

基本公共服务均等化

社会主义法治国家

建设法治中国

依法治国

依法执政

依法行政

依宪治国

宪法日

list of government responsibilities

market access negative list

government review and approval

simplify procedures for reviewing outbound investment

merge and streamline government departments

reform of the business system

integrate the business license, the organization code certificate,

and the certificate of taxation registration into one document

ensure equitable access to basic public services

socialist rule of law country;

socialist country built on the rule of law

build a rule of law China

law-based governance of the country

law-based exercise of state power

law-based administration of government

governance of the country on the basis of its constitution

Constitution Day

法律是治国之重器，良法是

The law is of great value in the governance of a country, and good

有法可依，有法必依，执法

ensure that laws are put in place, observed, and strictly enforced

and that anyone who violates the law is held to account

必严，违法必究

take a well-conceived approach to law-making, and ensure that

科学立法、严格执法、公正

law is strictly enforced, justice is administered impartially, and the

司法、全民守法

law is observed by all

a rule of law government which has well-conceived functions and

职能科学、权责法定、执法

statutorily defined powers and responsibilities; which strictly

严明、公开公正、廉洁高效、

enforces the law and is impartial; and which operates in an open,

守法诚信的法治政府

clean, and efficient way, with strong credibility

执法责任制

人民陪审员制度

accountability system for law enforcement

system of people’s assessors

重大决策终身责任追究制度

system of lifelong accountability for major decisions

重大决策责任倒查机制

政府权力清单

mechanism for retroactive investigation into accountability for

major decisions

list of government powers

依法治国和以德治国相结合

combine the rule of law with the rule of virtue

天下之事，不难于立法，而

In the governance of a country, it is the enforcement, not the

enactment, of law that presents the greatest challenge.

难于法之必行

法立，有犯而必施；令出，

Once enacted, a law must be enforced and anyone who violates it

must be held to account.

唯行而不返

Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy

The Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy is to make

四个全面”战略布局

comprehensive moves to:

【释义】全面建成小康社会、

1) finish building a moderately prosperous society;

全面深化改革、全面依法治

2) deepen reform;

国、全面从严治党。

3) advance the law-based governance of China; and

4) strengthen Party self-discipline.

Two Centenary Goals

“两个一百年”奋斗目标

The Two Centenary Goals are: to finish building a moderately

【释义】在中国共产党成立

prosperous society in all respects by the time the Communist

一百年时全面建成小康社

Party of China celebrates its centenary in 2021; and to turn China

会，在新中国成立一百年时

into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong,

建成富强民主文明和谐的社

democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the time the

会主义现代化国家。

People’s Republic of China celebrates its centenary in 2049.

三期叠加

simultaneously deal with the slowdown in economic growth,

make difficult structural adjustments, and absorb the effects of

previous economic stimulus policies

dual objectives

双目标

We must focus on achieving the dual objectives of maintaining a

【例】保持中高速增长和迈

medium-high rate of growth and moving toward a medium-high

向中高端水平双目标。

level of development.

twin engines

双引擎

【例】打造大众创业、万众

We need to develop twin engines – popular entrepreneurship and

创新和增加公共产品、公共

innovation, and greater supplies of public goods and services – to

drive development.

服务双引擎。

new normal

新常态

China’s economic development has entered a new normal,

【例】经济发展进入新常态，

meaning we must adopt a new mindset.

精神面貌要有新状态。

tough stance

高压态势

【例】始终保持反腐高压态

Our tough stance on corruption is here to stay; our tolerance for

势，对腐败分子零容忍、严

corruption is zero, and anyone guilty of corruption will be dealt

with severely.

查处。

硬骨头

【例】啃了不少硬骨头

tough issue

We tackled many tough issues.

tiger in the road

拦路虎

【例】体制机制弊端和结构

Institutional and structural problems have become “tigers in the

road” holding up development.

性矛盾是“拦路虎”。

give (sb) a leg up to get (sb) going

扶上马、送一程

Medium, small, and micro businesses can accomplish great things.

【例】中小微企业大有可为，

We need to give them a leg up to get them going.

要扶上马、送一程。

maker

创客

We have seen great numbers of makers giving expression to their

【例】众多“创客” 脱颖而出。

talents.

众创空间

【例】发展众创空间

中国制造2025

“互联网+”行动计划

普惠金融

税收法定原则

保持战略定力

经济行稳致远

强农惠农富农

健康稳定的大国关系框架

为公平竞争搭好舞台

织密织牢民生保障网

maker space

develop maker spaces

Made in China 2025 strategy

Internet Plus Action Plan

inclusive finance

principle of law-based taxation

maintain strategic focus

maintain sustainable economic growth

strengthen agriculture, benefit farmers, and raise rural living

standards

a sound and stable framework for major-country relations

level the playing field for fair competition

develop a tightly woven and sturdy safety net

让更多的金融活水流向实体

allow more financial resources to be channeled into the real

economy

经济

从制造大国转向制造强国

加强国际传播能力建设

transform China from a manufacturer of quantity to one of quality

improve our ability to communicate effectively with international

audiences

结构性减税和普遍性降费

精准扶贫、精准脱贫

make structural tax reductions and cut fees across the board

take targeted measures to help people lift themselves out of

poverty

以释放市场活力对冲经济下

invigorate the market to offset downward economic pressure

行压力

保基本、兜底线、建机制

有权不可任性

build up a basic safety net, ensure there is a cushion in place for

those most in need, and make due institutional arrangements

Power is not to be used arbitrarily.