24部中国名著的英文翻译-华育范文网

Stephanie是什么意思phanie在线翻译读音-六一儿童节手抄报怎么画

2023年10月9日发(作者：自由女神像介绍)

24部中国名著的英文翻译

《西游记》Pilgrimage to the West; Journey to the West

《三国演义》The Romance of the Three Kingdoms

《红楼梦》A Dream in Red Mansions (The Story of the Stone)

《水浒传》 Heroes of the Marshes; Water Margins

《本草纲目》 Compendium of Materia Medica

《聊斋志异》 Strange Tales of a Lonely Studio

《论语》 Analects of Confucius

《山海经》the Classic of Mountains and Rivers

《围城》 A Surrounded City

《西厢记》 The Romance of West Chamber

《资治通鉴》 History as a Mirror

《史记》 Shi Ji/ Historical Records

四书(《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》）

The Four Books (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean,

The Analects of Confucius, The Mencius)

《阿Q正传》 The True Story of Ah Q

《春秋》 Spring and Autumn Annals

《论语> THE ANALCETS OF CONFUCIUS

《诗经> the book of odes

《世说新语》 essays and criticism (shi shuo hsin yu)

《封神演义》 the legend of deification

《金瓶梅》 The golden lotus

《西厢记》 The west chamber

英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列Chapter 13

chapter 13 geography 地理位置

and Hawaii are the two newest states in northwestern

Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.

阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻

中太平洋。（本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能）

2。The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square is the fourth largest

country in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China.

就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。

all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the

on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.

所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。

4。The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the

Continental Divide.

落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。

5。The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the

Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest

and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.

阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。（本细节有考“一句话简答题”的可能）

6。The Mississippi River is the largest river in American,over 6000

Mississippi has been called "father of waters"or "old man river"

密西西比河是美国最长河流，有被称作“众水之父”或“老人河”。

7。The Ohio river has been called the American Ruhr,As in Germany, the area along

the river is rich in valuable deposits of high-grade coking coal and is well known

for its steel river provides cheap water transportation for raw

materials.

俄亥俄河被称作美国的鲁尔河，就像德国一样，沿河有丰富的高品千周的焦煤，并且因其

钢铁而著名。另外，该河还为原材料提供了廉价的水路运输。

8。On the Pacific side there are two great rivers:the Colorado in the south and

the Columbia ,which rises in Canada.

太平洋沿岸有两大河：科罗拉多河及哥伦比亚河。

9。The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United

States.

格兰德河是美国和墨西哥之间的开然界河（本细节考选择和简答可能性大）

10。the most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are

Lake Superior,which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan ,the

only entirely in the U.S.,Lake Huron,Lake Eire and Lake are located

between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.

美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖：苏必利尔湖，密歇根湖，休伦湖，伊利湖和安大略湖，其中，

苏必利尔湖为世界最大淡水湖，密歇根湖完全是美国境地内。

11。美国气候概述

1) A humid continental climate(湿润的大陆性气候） is found in the north-eastern

part of the country.

2) In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate.(湿

润的亚热带气候---东南部）

3）The Pacific northwest is favored with a maritime climate海洋性气候--太平洋

西北岸）

4）The southern part of the Pacific coast in California（加州太平洋沿岸南部） has

a Mediterranean climate (地中海式气候）with warm,dry summers and moist winters.

12。Many factors besides latitude influence the climate in the United

s the most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,the

Gulf of Mexick ,and the Great Lakes.

影响美国气候的最主要的因素为：太平洋，和大西泮，墨西哥湾，五大湖。

13。Traditionally from the east to the west the United States can be divided into

seven geographical regions.美国从东到西可分为七个地理区。

14。New English is made up of six states of the Northeast .Becaust of its stony

soil it is not noted for its agriculture .Dairying is the most inportant farm

activity,New English is also well-known for its position in education,Many famous

universities and colleges such as Yale,Harvard,thd Massachusetts Institute of

Technology(MIT) are located here.

新英格兰由美国东北部六个州组成，由于土壤多石，不利于农业生产，乳制品业是最重要

的农业活动，许多重点大学如耶鲁大学，哈佛大学和麻省理工学院都坐落于此。

15。New Englanders were originally knows as Yankees,which came to stand for alll

American.新英格兰人最初曾被称作“美国佬：这一名称，后来渐渐指所有的美国人。（选

择）

16。The Middle Atlantic States have about one fifth of the total population of

the united states.大西洋中部各州的人口占美国总人口的1/5。

17。The soil is rich,the rain usually pientiful and the growing season long,These

factors make the Midwest America's most important agricultural area .It is also

a major manufacturing region and the nation's leading center of heavy industry.

中西部地区是美国最重要的农业区，也是主要的制造业区各最主要的重工业区。

18。Chicago,the largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes, is the largest

industral and commercial center of the area.芝加哥是五大湖最大最忙的港口，也是

该地区最大的工商业中心。

19。Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the is known as the

agricultural capital of the United states.底特律被称作“汽车之都，奥马哈被称作

农业之都。

20。Dry farming ,irrigation farming,and the cattle and sheep herding are the main

cativities of the Great Plains of the American West.

旱地农业，灌溉农业和牛羊牧业是美国西部大平原地区的主要活动。

21。Colorado has been called the steel city of the west ,Denver is the largest

city of the Great Plains.科罗拉多市被称作“西部钢城”，丹佛市是大平原地区最大

的城市。

22。the largest groups of Native Americans are found on the Colorado Plateau. 美

国最大的土著群落位于科罗拉多高原。

23。Mmauna Loa,the world's largest volcano,is located on Haiwaii and erupts from

time to time,Suger cane and pineapples anr Haiwaii's main m is

Haiwaii's most important industry.莫纳洛阿火山是世界最大和活火山，甘蔗和菠罗是

夏威夷的两大作物，旅游业是夏威夷最重要的产业。

24。Honolulu is the capital of Haiwaii and Juneau is the capital of Alaska.

火奴鲁鲁是夏威夷的首府，朱诺是阿拉斯加的首府。

英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列Chapter 14

chapter 14(14章） and Ethnic groups 必背细节

United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world

after Chind and India.美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。

2。Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth,The United States

has a more or less open-door policy to immigtants from independence until

Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the

1890s and at the turn of the century.19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重

要的移民入境接待点。

3。Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in

n 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian

and Hispanic countries.如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。

4。Arizona,Nevada,and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population

for the last 20 years.在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最

快的州。

5。The first immigrants in the American history cane from England and Netherlands.

美国历史是第一批移民来自英国和荷兰。

6。The first of these immigration waves in the mid-1810s and reached the highest

point in second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The largest

of the three immigration wave in American was from 1890-1914.三次移民浪潮中最

大的一次是1890-1914年。

in five American moves to a new home every year seeking new job opportunity,a

better climate of other goals.有1/5的美国人每年搬一次家。

8。美国的四次大规模的人口流动：

流动方向

the Frist 1865-1880 east coast ------west

the Second 1980-1920 rural areas ------cities

the Third 1920----1960 the south/black people ----other areas

the fourth 1960-now Northeast /Central-N----the West/the South

9。A large number of blank people move out of the south to other areas during the

period between 1920-1960.大批黑人离开南方涌向外地发生在1920-1960年间。

10。The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is the

blacks who number about 12.1% of the population. The first blacks were brought

to North America as slaves in 1619.

美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人，大约占总人口的12。1%，第一批黑人作为奴隶于1619

年运抵北美。

11。three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest influence on

the United are Mexico-Americans of Chicanos ,the Puerto Ricans and

the Cuban-Americans.三大对美国影响最大的讲西班牙语的群体为：墨西哥后裔美国人，

波多黎各人，古巴裔美国人。（一句话回答）

12。The most important obstacle to Hispanic success in the labor maket is their

low ics have the highest school dropout rate of any major racial

and ethnic group.讲西班牙语的美国人在其他种族的民族中失学率最高，因此，阻挡他

们在劳动力市场获得成功的最主要是教育程度低。

13。The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the

United States,The largest group of Asian-Americans are the

s say three Asian traditions best explain the success of

Asian-American:eduction ,hardwork,and family.

美国少数民族人口中增长最快是亚裔美国人，亚裔美国人中又以华裔美国人最多，专家指

出亚洲三大传统可以用来解释亚裔美国人的成功：教育，工作努和和家庭。（一句话回答）

14。Traditionally,the mainstream American were called WASPs,that is ,White

Anglo-Saxon Protestants.传统上读，美国人的主流是祖先为英国新教徒的白人。

还有几个必背解释，1。WAPs 2001已考，估计不会再考，即上述第十二条。

2。The Hispanics 讲西班牙语的（人或民族）

The Hispanics usually are Spanish-speaking person of Latin-American origin who

live in the United there are three major Hispantic groups which have

grest influence on the are Mexico-American of Chicano ,Pueto Ricans and

Cuban-American.

英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列 Chapter 15

"first American "were the first English colony in the Americas

was founded at Jamestown ,Virginaia,in n 1607 and 1733 the British

eastablished 13 colonies along the east coast of North American.“最早的美国人”

是印地安人，英国于1607年在美国建立了第一块殖民地，即在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯，

1607-1733年间，英国在北美洲的东海岸建立了十三个殖民地。

2。[u]In 1620,201 of Pilgrimw sailed to the New World in a ship called

arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony.1620年，有201名英国清教徒乘

坐一名为”五月花号“的船到达了普利茅斯并建立了殖民地。

3。From 1630 to 1643,some 200 ships transported over 20000 Englishmen to the

Massachusetts Bay colony.

从1630-1643年，约有200艘船把2万英国人抵马萨者萨弯殖民地。

4。The colonists were building a new way of life in the New were a

number of features which would play a role in forming the American

were :representative from of goverment,rule of law,respect of individual

rights,religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.殖民主

义者新生活方式的这些特点在美国人性格形成中发挥了重要作用：建立代义制政府，法治，

对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容及强烈的个人进取心。

5。In September 1744,the Frist Continental Congress was held ih Philadelphia which

encouraged American to refuse to buy British goods.1744年9月，第一届大陆仁义

在费城如开，鼓励美国人拒绝买英货。

6。The Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson of

Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution

and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke.

《独立宣言》是由托马斯。杰文逊起草的，它明确阐述了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一

理论来源于英国著名哲学家约翰。洛克。

7。On the Christmas Day of 1776,the Americans defeated the British troops at

Trenton,New long afterwards ,the Americans troops deteated the British

at Saratoga in Northern New was a great turning point of the War of

Independence,leading dirtctly to an alliance between the U.S and France.

1766年的圣诞节，美军在新泽西的特伦顿挫败英军，这之后不久，美军在萨拉托加击败英

军，史称“萨拉托加大捷”这次胜利被认为是北美独立战争的转折点，并直接导致美法联

军的建立。

8。In September ,1783,the Treaty of Paris was signed,Britain recognized the

indeperdance of the U.S.1783年9月簦订《巴黎和约》，英正式承认美国独立。

9。The Federalist Papers are regarded as the best explanation of the constitution

as well as one of the most important works on political theory.

<联邦文集》被认为是对美国宪法最好的解释，也是美国最重要的政治理论著作之一。

10。The first ten amendments to the U.S Constitution,which was called the Bill

of Rights,adopted in 1791 which promise to protect individuals'rights.

成为宪法的前十条修正案正案被称为《人权法案》。

Articles of Confederation was accepted by all the states by Match

has two serious weaknesses:1>there was no national executive of law-enforcing

branch;2>Congress has no power to raise taxes.

1781年美国各州批准了被称为《联邦条款》的文件，它有两缺陷：一是没有执行或执法机

构二是国会由于过于庞大起不到政府的作用，而且国会无权征税。

12。The U.S went to war with Britain in 1812,the last war fought between these

two countries.英美最后一次交火是1812的英美战争。

13。During the 13 years of Indian wars after the War of Independence,the Americans

forced England to give up the Old Northwest and they forced Spain to open the

Mississippi crossing of the Mississippi helped persuade Napoleon to

sell the Louisiana Territory to the 1853,in the Gadaden Purchase another

30000 spuare miles of Mexican land were added to the territory of the U.S.

在独战后十三的印第安战争中，美国人适使英国放弃了旧西北地区，使西班牙开放密西西

比河，促使拿破伦把路易斯字那志给美国，在1853年的加兹登购买中，另外的3万平方

米的墨西哥土地也为美国领土。

14。The twp famous leaders of black movement in the U.S in the 1830s were Garrison

and Frederick Douglass.在19世纪30年代两位著名的黑人领袖为加里森和道格拉斯

15。The Union army under the command of Ulysses deteated the Confedetate

army at Gettysburg,Pensylvania,this victory was the turning point of the Civil

War.北方联军在尤利西斯。格兰特的指挥下，在宾夕法尼亚的葛底斯堡击败了南方联盟军，

葛底斯堡大捷是美国内战的转折点。

16。Tn the Civil war,Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at

home and abroad by making the war a just war against he issued the famous

Emancipation Proclamation.美国内战期间，林肯发表了《解放奴隶宣言》

17。On November 19,1863,Abraham Lincoln made a short speech on the occasion of

dedicating the national cemetery at ended his speech with these

memorable words:"That government of the people ,by the people,for the people,shall

not perish from the earth.

1863年11月9日，林肯在葛底斯堡阵亡将士公墓落成仪式上发表了简短的演说，他以另

人难忘的语言结束了演说“民有，民治，民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失。

18。A conference was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to consider what should be

done to make the Articles of Confederation of the states except Rhode

Island were represented at the Consititutional Convention.

1787年在费城召开的制宪会议上，除了罗得岛外，其他所有州都参加了，大家讨论如何使

《联邦条款》能够满足需要。

另外有几个名词解释和问答题也要记得：

包括：Boston Tea Party 波士顿倾茶事件

the Declaration of Independence 独立宣言

the Emancipation of Proclamation 解放奴隶宣言

英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列(二)

英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列Chapter 16

Chapter 16 American History (2)(1900-1945)必背细节

1． In 1880,the U.S ranked first in the world in the production of steel; in 1900,the

U.S. produced 245million tons of coal, ranking first in the world.1880年美国钢

产`量世界第一，1900年煤产量世界第一。

2． Large corporation ,urbanization and new technology were the three features

in the growth of American economy at the beginning of the 20 th century.大公司

的出现，城市化及新技术的迅速发展是美国20世纪初经济增长出现的三大特点。

3． In 1903,the Wright brothers flew a plane for a brief 12 seconds at Kitty

Hawk,North Carolina. This was the beginning of the appearance of the plane. In

1911,Glenn designed and flew a successful plane. 1903年，莱特兄弟发明

了第一架飞机，但只飞行了12秒。1911年格伦。E。库利斯设计了一架飞机，并成功试飞。

4． At the beginning of the WWI, the impartial neither in action, nor in

pursued a policy of pro-Ally partiality.第一次世界大战开始时，美国

宣布保持中立，但在行动和思想上都没有做到中立，美国真正奉行的是支持同盟国的政策。

5． The 1920s in the U.S. has been described by many historians as a period of

material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessness.许

多历史学家都把美国的二十世纪二十年代描写成一个物质上成功，精神是迷惘或漫无目标

的时期。

6． The stock market crash was the beginning of long economic depression in the

late 1920S and 1930S.股票市场的崩溃是1929-1933年的经济大萧条的开端。

7． The aim of President Roosevelt’s New measures was to save American democracy

and the capitalist system.罗斯福总统“新政：措施的目的在于”拯救美国民主“及克

服资本主义制度有史以来最严重的经济制度。

8． In the early 1930S,the American foreign policy was isolationism, to keep the

U.S. out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia.在30年代初期，

美国奉行的是孤立主义的外交政策，即使美国远离欧洲和亚洲的战争。

9． During the WWII, the postponement of the opening of the Second Front was a

reflection of the American’s desire not to give the Soviet Union the possibility

of quick expansion.二战期间，美国延缓开辟第二战场就反映出美国不让苏联有迅速扩

张的可能性

10． American diplomacy in WWII was largely diplomacy towards Britain and the Soviet

were two guiding principles behind all diplomatic activities:1>to win

the war;2>to establish t postwar political structure in accord with American

interests and to prevent the Soviet Union from over-expansion.二战期间，美国的

外交政策大体上是针对英国的前苏联的，所有外交政策的两个主导原则是：羸得战争，按

美国利益建立战后政治格局并阻止苏联的过度扩张。

11． The leaders of the U.S. the Soviet Union and Britain met three times during

the WWII.1>The first summit was held at Teheran in November the conference

it was decided that a large-scale attack on the south of France would be launched

in May ,1944,which was codenamed Overlord.2>The second conference was held in Yalta

in February,1945,it decided on the setting-up of a world organization: the United

Nation .3>The third conference was held at Potsdam, which confirmed the temporary

division of Europe agreed to at Yalta.二战期间，英，美，苏三中领导人共会晤了三

次，第一次是在1943年11月在德黑兰会议，该会义决定进行代号为“霸王行动”的军事

行动，向法国南部大举进攻，第二次是1945年2月的雅尔塔会议，本次会议决定建立联

合国组织，第三次是在1945年7。8月间在柏林城外举行的波茨坦会议，该会主要确认了

雅尔雅尔塔会议关于欧洲格局的暂时分配。

必背解释

1． The Muckrakers(黑幕揭发者)

The Muckrakers were a group of reform-minded journalists who made investigations

and exposed the dark sides of the society.

Progressive Movement(进步运动/进步主义)（Progressivism）

it was a movement at the turn of the 20th century which demanded government

regulation of the economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the support

of large number of people across the country. The Progressive Movement was not

an organized campaign with clearly defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse

efforts at political,social and economic reforms.

z faire(放任主义)

it was an economic practice which stressed that the management of the economy should

be left to the business people and the government should merely preserve order

and protect property.

Red scare(红色恐惧)

Between 1919 and 1920,the Red Scare happened in America where at that time a highly

aggressive and intolerance nationalism existed. On November 7,1919 and January

2,1920,the Justice Department launched two waves of mass attests. Over 4000

suspected Communists and radicals were arrested and many were forced to leave the

U.S.

Ku Klux Klan(KKK)三K党

The KKK was first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867 after the Civil War

in the South and by 1924 it claimed a membership of four to five million. It was

a violent society which terrorized and attacked on not only blacks ,but also

progressives, Communist and socialist party members, etc.

New Deal(罗斯福新政)

it was put forward by American President Roosevelt who wanted to do something to

deal with the Great Depression at that time. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and

set up some efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to “save

American democracy” and to overcome the most serious economic crisis of the

capitalist system up to that time.

ionism(孤立主义)

it was the American foreign policy in the early tried to keep the U.S

out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia.

英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列Chapter 17

Chapter 17 American History(III)in Era(1945-1980S)必背细节

1. On Feb 22,1946,George Kennan, a high-ranking official in the American embassy

to Moscow, wrote in the telegram that the should be vigilant containment

of Russian expansive tendencies. Later the containment policy became the official

policy towards the Soviet Union.1946年2月22日，美国驻苏联大使乔治。凯南在他

的电报中主张对苏联采取遏制政策。

2． The open declaration of the containment policy was made by President Truman

on March 12,1949 in a speech to the joint session of congress.1949年3月12日

杜鲁门总统在国会联席会议上公开宣布了遏制政策。

3． In order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the

d to offer Western European countries economic aid. This later came to

be called the Marshall plan.为了保护西欧不受苏联扩张影响，美国决定给予西欧国家

经济支援，此举后来被称作“马歇尔计划。”

4． The North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed on April 4,1949,marked the beginning

of s in setting up a military alliance around the Soviet Union and its

allies.美国于1949年4月4日签订的北大西洋公约标志着美国开始致力于在苏联及其盟

国周围建立军事同盟。

5． When the Korean War broke out in June,1950,Truman sent the 7th Fleet to the

Taiwan Straits to prevent the PLA from liberating Taiwan.1950年6月朝鲜战争爆

发，美国杜鲁门政府第七舰队进驻台湾海峡，阻止中国人民解放军解放台湾。

6． The Montgomery boycott was led by Martin Luther King, Jr,a young black clergyman

who later became a national leader of the Civil Rights movement.1955年的蒙哥马

利抵制公共汽车公司运动由小马丁。路德。金领导，他是一个黑人牧师，后来成为民权运

动的全国领导人。

7． Since 1945 the United States had entered a twenty-five-year economic

cornerstones were the automobile,housing,and defense industries.自1945年以来，

美国经济进入了长达25年的繁荣期，经济繁荣的基本为汽车，住房和国防工业。

8． Between 1946 and 1961,more than 63.5 million babies were born in the U.S,making

the baby-boom generation the largest by far in the American history.从1946年

到1961年，是美国历史上的生育高峰期。

9． When the Cuban Missile Crisis happened in 1962,the president of American is

Kennedy,the president of Russia is Khrushchev.1962年古巴导弹危机爆发时，美国在

位总统为肯尼迪，苏联首领为赫鲁晓夫。

10． Richard Nixon ,who was elected on a platform of ending the Vietnam War, changed

the strategy into “Vietnamization” of the war building up South Vietnamese troops

to replace American fighting force.里查德。尼克松以结束越战作为自己的竞选纲领，

提出把战略改为战争越南化，即建立越南军队以其代替美国军队。

11． In the late 1960s and early 1970s the U.S began to look for a way to improve

relations with China so as to get China’s help for its withdrawal from south

Vietnam and to work with China against Soviet expansion.20世纪60年代末70年代

初，美国改善对华关系的有两上：一是以便从越撤军时能得到中国的帮助，再是希望与中

国合作联手对付苏联的扩张。

12． In February 1972,President Nixon visited China and met Mao Zedong and the

two countries issued the Shanhai visit ended twenty-three years

of hostility and led to the establishment of diplomatic relations in January

1979.1972年2月尼克松与毛泽东东会晤，双方签署了《上海联合公报》。

13． From 1972 to 1979,the key problem that affected the progress in U.S.-China

relations remained the Taiwan problem.1972-1979年，影响中美关系的主要问题还是

台湾问题。

14． Kennedy initiated the program called the New Frontier. Johnson also started

a War on Poverty.肯尼迪执政时启动了“新边疆号召”，约翰逊做总统时发动了反贫困

大战。

15． The two famous leaders of black movements in the the 60s were Martin

Luther King,who advocated non-violent Civil Rights movement,and Malcolm X,who

advocated violence in self defense,and attempted to separate themselves from whith

society.60年代美国有名的黑人运动领袖为马丁。路德。金和迈克姆。X。

16． Nixon resigned because of Watergate Scandal ,the first president to do so

in American history.水门事件使尼克松成为美国历史上第一位辞职的总统。

17． From the mid-seventies onwards ,the U.S suffered from”stagflation”,that

is ,the occurrence of stagnation and inflation at the same time.从70年代中期

开始，美国开始遭受“经济滞胀”即经济停滞与通货膨胀的同时出现。

有几个名词解释我就不一一列出了，只把题目列出，你们翻到书本记忆吧。

1． The Truman Doctrime 杜鲁门主义

2． The Marshal Plan(马歇尔计划)

3． McCarthyism（麦卡锡主义）

4． Montgomery bus boycott（蒙哥马利抵制公共汽车公司运动）

5． The New Frontier（新边疆号召）

6． The Counterculture （反文化运动）

7． Watergate Scandal（水门事件）2001年全国统考第52题已考8． The little Rock

Incident（小石城事件）

英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列Chapter 18

Chapter 18 the Economy 美国经济

1． The U.S is by far the biggest industrial country in the is first in

such advanced field as computers, space, nuclear energy and electronics.到止前

为止，美国是世界上最大的工业国，在计算机，宇航，核能和电子等先进领域居世界首位。

2． Now American has more than half of the European market in transistors, oil

refining,farm products,telecommunications,and computers.现在美国的晶体管，炼油，

农产品，通讯和计算机占欧洲市场分额的一半多。

3． The U.S has less than 6% of the world’s it products about

25% of the total world output.美国拥有不到6%世界人口，却生产出占世界总产量的

25%的产品。(2001,23题已考）

4． The U.S has a free-marked economy with a dominant private privately

owned and operated businesses, including farms,produce about 85% of the total

output of goods and services. Of course,the government has always been an important

element American economy.美国经济是以私营为主的自由市场经济。(2002,44)

5． In the postwar years government involvement was again emphasized when the U.S

adopted the Keynesian theory in running the economy. But the American economy was

still plagued by stagflation. In the early 1980s,under the Reagan Administration,

the traditional Keynesian theory was replaced by new monetarist policies.二战

后美国采纳了凯恩斯理论来管理国这经济，再次强调政府于预。但美国经济还是出现连年

的经济滞胀，于是，在80年代初期，在里根政府的领导下，传统的凯恩斯理论被新的货

币主义政策所代替。

6． The cultivated land in the U.S makes up 21% of the total land, and people who

are engaged in farming make up only 2.7% of the total population. Yet the U.S grows

nearly one fourth of the world’s grain and supplies a half of all the exports

of grain in the world. It is the world’s leading exporter of agricultural products.

在美国，耕地占国土总面积的21%，而从事农业生产的人口只占总人口的2。7%。然而，

美国还生产出占全世界近1/4的粮食。美国是世界上最大的农产口出口国。

7． The U.S ranks first in the production and export of corn. It produces nearly

50% of the corn in the Corn Belt is in the Midwest. Iowa is the leading

corn-producing state. The Midwest is the most important agricultural region of

the U.S.美国的玉米产量几乎占到世界总产量的50%，是世界最大的玉米生产和出口国，

玉米带主要位于中西藏部地区，衣阿华是主要的玉米生产洲，中西部是美国最重要的农业

区。

8． Wheat is American’s most important food crop. It is second only to corn in

production every year. The Wheat Belt is located near the Corn Belt in the Midwest.

小麦是美国最重要的食用作物，小麦带也位于中西部地区。

9． The U.S ranks second in the export of rice in the world after Thailand.美

国的大米出口量仅次于泰国，居世界第二位。

10． The Midwest is the nation’ leading center of heavy industry. Texas is the

country’s leading state in oil and natural gas deposits。中西部是美国最重要的

重工业中心，得克萨斯是美国石油和天然气储量最大的州。

11． Huston is now the greatest commercial center of the Southwest and the chemical

capital of the world. It is a center of petrochemical and synthetic rubber

production . It is also the home of the space center.休斯敦被称作世界化工之都，

是美国西南部地区最大的商业中心，也是石油化工和合成橡胶中心，还是宇航中心所在地。

12． The state of California now has passed New York as the most populous state.

It is now first in manufacturing ,especially the manufacture of aircraft parts

and missiles ,and in shipbuilding ,as well as in food production.加利福尼亚为

美国人口最大的州，其飞机和导弹加工业，造船业和食口加工业居世界首位。

tly U.S. exports are about 15% of the world’s total. The U.S imports

bout 13% of all world imports,Canada is the largest single source of goods imports

by the U.S., outside of North American, Europe is the largest source of imports.

当前美国的出口额占世界总出口额的确良15%，进口额占到期13%，加拿大是美国进口产

品的最大来源地，在北美以外，欧洲则是最大的进口来源。

e soil, forests, water, and minerals are the major natural resources in

the U.S.肥沃的壤，广袤的森林，充足的水源和丰富的矿藏是美国的主要自然资源。

oument, inflation ,financial deficit, and trade deficit are the trouble

that always face the U.S.失业，通货膨胀，财政赤字和贸易赤字是美国一直面临的问

题。

16．The estimated number of people living under the poverty line in 1995 was 35.7

million which made up about 14% of the total population.据估计，1995美国生活在

贫困线以下的人口达3570万人，占总人口的14%。

17，The leading farm products in the U.S are corn ,wheat ,rice ,soybeans, oranges,

meat, milk, apple, oats, cotton, tobacco, etc.美国的主要农作物有玉米，小麦，大

米，大豆，桔子，肉类，牛奶，苹果，燕麦和烟草等。

18．The Midwest round the Great Lakes, the Middle Atlantic state, the south, and

the Pacific Coast are the major industrial regions of the U.S.五大湖区周围的中

西部，大西洋中部各州，南部和太平洋沿岸为美国主要的工业区。

必背解释：

Monetarist policies(货币主义政策)

Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the

traditional Keynesian theory (传统的凯恩斯理论)was replaced by new monetarist,

which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand, On one

hand ,taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest

rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.

Briefly discuss the factors that contributed to the fast growth of the American

economy.

简要论述美国经济迅速增长的几个因数：

The fast growth of the American economy has been contributable to many factors:

1> The geographical location of the U.S. provides very good conditions for the

country to grow and become strong.2>the U.S has been by being a land rich in mineral

resources and fertile farm soil, together with a moderate climate.3>American has

been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labor necessary for a

constantly expanding economy.4>The U.S has a skillful and willing labor force.

The American labor force is not only hard-working ,but also willing to experiment,

to change and to learn new technology.

英语国家概况精讲系列（二十五）

2. Administration in Great Britain is handled by separate executive agencies of the Department

of Social Security. In Northern Ireland by the Social Security Agency.

大不列颠的社会保险由社会保险部独立执行机构管理，在北爱尔兰则是社会保险局。

3. contributory social security benefits, it include:( 1) retirement pension; (2) unemployment

pension; (3) sickness and invalidity benefit and (4) Maternity allowance and widows‟s benefits.

需要先交费的社会安全福利（个人有工作收入时交，无收入时领），其中包括：退休金，

失业金，病残福利金，孕产期补助金，寡妇补助金。

4. non-contributory social security benefits, it include: (1) war pensions;(2) industrial injuries

disablement benefit;(3) child benefit and (4) family credit.

不需要先交费的福利金，包括战争伤亡抚恤金，工伤致残救济金，儿童补助金，低收入家

庭补助金。

III. Religion宗教

1. Everyone in Britain has the right to religious freedom with out interference from the

community or the State. He may change his religion at will may manifest his faith in teaching,

worship and observance. Except that the Lord Chancellor may be a Roman Catholic, public

offices are open without distinction to members of all churches or none.

在英国，人人都有信仰宗教的权利，社会和政府不得干涉。他可以随意改变宗教信仰，可

以在教职，礼拜或仪式中表明他的信仰。除了娃哈哈官不可以是罗马天主教徒外，公共职

务对各种信仰或没有信仰的人一律公开。

英语国家概况精讲系列（二十六）

2. Established churches

国教

There are two established church in Britain: in England the church of England and Scotland the

Church of England.

英国有两大国教，在英格兰是英格兰国教，苏格兰是苏格兰教会（长老教）。

3. Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member

of that Church and as “Defender of the Faith”. The Church is also linked with the State through

the House of loads. The church of England is not free to change its form of worship, as laid

down in the Book of Common Prayer without the consent of Parliament.

英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系。因为君主作为“国教的捍卫者”必须是此教会的一员，他

在登基时必须承诺维持国教。国教还通过上议院与政府联系。没有议会同意，英格兰教会

不可随意改变“国教祈祷书”中规定的礼拜仪式。

4. The government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian, that is, government by ministers

and elders, all of whom are ordained to office. The Monarch is normally represented at the

general assembly by the Lord High Commissioner.

英格兰教的管理时长老制，也就是由教士和长老治理。他们被授予圣职，王室高级代表通

常代表君主光临会议。

5. Unestablished churches

非国教教会

There are include: the Anglican Churches(圣公会)，the Free Churches(自由教)，the Roman

Catholic Church（罗马天主教）。

IV. Festival and Public Holidays

节假日

The Christian festival of the year and Christmas, Easter, and Whit Sunday.

其主要的节日有圣诞节，复活节，圣灵降临节

英语国家概况精讲系列（二十七）

Chapter 10

第十章

Sports

体育运动

1. Many international sports were introduced by the British who take their leisure time very

seriously. There is widespread participation in sport in Britain.

许多国际体育项目是由认真对待休闲时间的英国人引进的，在英国，人们广泛参与体育。

2. Football ( or “soccer” as it is colloquially called ), the most popular sport in England as well

as in Europe, has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century.

足球（口语叫”soccer”）,在英格兰和欧洲是最受欢迎的运动，其传统老家在英格兰，出现

于19世纪。

3. The game “Rugby” was invented at Rugby School in Warwich shire in the early 19th century.

拉格比球比赛19世纪初创立于沃尔威克郡的拉格比学校，因此而得名。

4. Cricket, the most typically English of sports, has been in existence since the 16th century. On

an international level, 5-day Cornhill Test Matches.

板球，是英国人最典型的体育运动，自从16世纪以来已存在。国际比赛是5天的康希尔

决赛。

5. Although tennis has been played for centuries, the modern game originated in England in late

19th. The main tournament is the annual Wimbledon fortnight, one of the 4 tennis “Grand Slam”

tournaments.

尽管网球已打了好几个世纪，但现代比赛却起源于19世纪末的英格兰。主要比赛是一年

一度的温布尔登两周赛，这是四大满贯网球锦标赛之一。

6. There is a considerable following and participation of athletics in Britain. For example, the

London Marathon, which takes place every spring.

英国参加田径的人很多，例如伦敦的马拉松塞，每年春季举行。

7. The home of golf is Scotland where the game has been played since the 17th century and

naturally the oldest golf club in the world is there: The Honourable Company of Edinburgh

Golfers. The Walker Cup for amateurs and the Ryder Cup for professionals.

高尔夫球的故里是苏格兰，自从17世纪以来这项运动就在那儿盛行。全世界最古老的高

尔夫俱乐部也在那里：爱丁堡高尔夫球会员荣誉公司。业余球员参加沃尔克公开赛，职

业球员参加雷德尔杯。

英语国家概况精讲系列第七部分

英语国家概况精讲系列（十九）

Cabinet and Ministry

内阁和内阁部长

1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions

among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of general business of the

Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister for

a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues.

首相主持内阁，负责分配大臣们的职能，在定期会见女王时向女王报告政府事务。内阁在

首相的主持下，每周开会几小时，以决定在重大问题上政府的政策。

2. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions; individual

Ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their department.

内阁的所有决定由大臣集体向议会负责，各大臣又为各自部门的工作向议会负责。

IV．The Privy Council

枢密院

1. The Privy Council was formerly the chief source of executive power in the state and give

private advice to the King. So the Privy Council was also called the King‟s Council in history.

Today its role is largely formal, advising the sovereign to approve certain government decrees.

枢密院原来是政府行政权力的源泉，给君主提供“私人”建议。它在历史上也称为国王议会。

今天它的主要作用是礼节性的，如建议君主批准政府的法令。

2. Its membership is about 400, and includes all Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of

Common and senior British and Commonwealth statement.

它的主要成员有400人左右，包括内阁阁员，下议院院长及英国，英联邦的高级政治家等。

V．Government Department and the Civil Service

政府各部和公务员部

1. The principal Government department main includes: the Treasury, the House of office, the

Foreign and Commonwealth office, the Ministry of Defense…

主要的政府部门包括：财务部，内务部，外交部，国防部等。

2. Members of the Civil Service are called Civil Services. They staff government departments.

Civil Servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination. Civil servants do not belong to

any political party. Changes of Government do not involve changes in departmental staff, There

are about 541800 civil servants in Britain now.

文职人员部的成员被成为公务员。公务员主要是通过竞争考试录用。公务员部门不属于任

何政党，政府的变更并不影响部门职员的变更。英国现约有541800名公务员。

VI．Local Government

地方政府部门

1. There are two main tiers of local authority throughout England and Wales: counties and the

smaller districts. Now, England and Wales are divided into 53 counties which are sub-divided

into 369 districts.

英格兰和威尔士实行两级地方政府制—郡和比郡小的区。现在英格兰和威尔士分为53个

郡，郡下分为369个区。

2. Greater London is divided into 32 boroughs.

大伦敦被分为32个行政区。

英语国家概况精讲系列（二十）

Chapter 8

第八章

Justice and the law

法律与司法机构

There is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature common to all systems of law

in the United Kingdom is that there is no complete code. The sources of law include (1) statutes;

(2) a large amount of “unwritten” or common law; (3) equity law; (4) European Community.

Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law.

联合王国不实行完全统一的法律制度。联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有以部

完整的法典。法典来源包括：（1）成文法；（2）大量的“不成文法”或习惯法；（3）衡

平法；（4）欧共体法。另一个共同的特点是刑法和民法之间的区别。

I．Criminal Proceedings

刑事诉讼程序

1. In England and Wales, once the police have charged a person with a criminal offence, the

crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case reviews the evidence to decide whether

to prosecute.

在英格兰和威尔士，一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪，皇家检察总署就要接管此案，并独立

地审核证据以决定是否起诉。

2. In Britain all criminal trial are held in open count because the criminal law presumes the

innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The

prosecution and the defense get equal treatment. No accused person has to answer the question

of the police before trial. He is not compelled to give evidence in count. Every accused person

has the right to employ a legal adviser to conduct his defense. If he can not afford to pay, he may

be granted aid at public expense. In criminal trial by jury, the judge passes sentence, but the jury

decided the issue of guilt or innocence. The jury composed of 12 or ordinary people. If the

verdict of the jury can not be unanimous, it must be a majority.

在英国，所有的刑事审判都在法院公开进行。因为刑法认为，在消除合理怀疑证明被告有

罪之前，他是无辜的。原告与被告同样平等，审判时被告不必回答警察的问题，不许强迫

被告提供证据。每位被告都有权雇佣律师为其辩护。如果他不能支付律师费，可以用公用

费用提供帮助。在由陪审团进行的刑事审判中，法官判刑，但陪审团决定是否有罪。陪审

团一般由12人组成。如果陪审团不能做出一致判决，也必须是多数决定。

3.A verdict of “ not guilt” means acquittal for the accused, who can never again be charged with

that specific crime.

“无罪”裁决意味着被告无罪，并且永远不得再以此罪名对其指控。

英语国家概况精讲系列（二十一）

II. Criminal Courts

刑事法庭

1. Criminal Courts in England and Wales

英格兰和威尔士的刑事法庭

Magistrates‟ Courts which try summary offences and “either way” offences. A magistrates‟

court, which is open to the public and the media, usually consists of three unpaid “lay”

magistrates-known as justices of the peace-who are advised on point of law and procedure by a

legally qualified assistant. A Magistrates‟ court sits without a jury.

治安（警事）法庭，负责审理判决犯罪，也审理“任意方式”罪行。治安法庭对公众和媒体

公开，通常由三位无薪的“外行”地方官——地方治安官组成，由懂得法律知识的书记员和

助手给他们提供法律规定和程序方面的建议。治安法庭审察时没有陪审团。

Youth Court which try most cases involving people under 18.

青少年法庭，负责审理18岁以下青年的大多数案件。

The Crown Court tries the most serious offences and „either way” offences referred to it by

magistrates. The Crown Court is presided over by High Court judges, full-time circuit Judges

and part-time Recorders England and Wales are divided into six circuits for the purpose of

hearing criminal case. Each circuit is divided into areas containing one or more centers of High

Court and Crown Court.

皇家刑事法庭。负责审理最严重的罪行和由地方法官提交的“任意方式”罪行。皇家刑事法

庭由高级法院法官，全职巡回法官和兼任刑事法官主持。为审理刑事案，英格兰和威尔士

被分为六个巡回区，每个巡回区又分区域，每个区域有一个或多个高级法庭和皇家刑事法

庭。

2. Criminal courts in Scotland

苏格兰的刑事法庭

There are three criminal courts in Scotland.（1）the High Court of Justiciary;(2) the sheriff

court;(3) the district court. Scotland has two types of criminal procedure, know as solemn

procedure and summary procedure. In solemn procedure, a defendant is tried by a judge sits

without a jury.

英格兰有三种刑事法院：（1）高级法院；（2）郡法院；（3）区法院。英格兰有两种刑

事诉讼：庄重诉讼和即决诉讼。庄重诉讼里，被告由陪审团和法官审理。在即决诉讼中，

法官独自审理，不用陪审团。

3. Criminal courts in Northern Ireland

北爱尔兰的刑事法庭

Cases involving minor summary offences are heard by magistrates‟ courts presided over by a

full-time legally qualified resident magistrate. County courts are primarily civil law courts. The

Crown Court deals with criminal trails on indictment.

涉及轻微即决犯罪的案件由治安法庭听审，法庭由全职的法律合格的常驻治安法官主持。

郡法庭主要是民事法庭。皇家刑事法庭根据起诉进行刑事审判.

英语国家概况精讲系列第四部分

英语国家概况精讲系列（十）

第五章

The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)

大英帝国的兴衰

I. Whigs and Tories

辉格党人和托利党人

These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).

这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。

The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious

freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the

mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.

辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。辉格党人在19世纪中

叶与持不同意见的托利党人组盟组成自由党。

The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings.

The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.

托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前身。

I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century

18世纪末的农业革命

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the “open-field” system ended when the Enclosure

Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as

bad results:

18世纪末、19世纪初的农业革命期间，随着《圈地法》的颁布，传统的“开放田地”制结

束。圈地运动持续了将近一个多世纪。农业圈地运动的利弊共存：

（1） Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small;

由于大农场兼并了小农场，农场成为越来越在的生产单位；

（2） More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became

more varied;

人们消费的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越来越多，饮食种类愈加丰富；

（3） Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These

peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration,

particularly to the New World;

圈地对佃家而言是场灾难，他们被赶出土地，被迫到城镇找工作。圈地运动导致了大规模

的移民，尤其是移民至新大陆。

（4） A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships.

农村关系中产生了新的阶级对立。

英语国家概况精讲系列（十一）

II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)

工业革命（1780-1830）

1．The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequent changes

in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

工业革命指的是17世纪末、18世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和

经济结构的变化。

2．Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:

英国成为第一个工业化的国家，原因如下：

(1) Favourable geopraphical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in

European and world trade;

优越的地理位置：英国地理位置优越，适合参与欧洲与世界贸易；

(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was

increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to

merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods

provided capital in large quantities for industralization.

政治局面稳定。17世纪后的英国社会宁静，对海外贸易和殖民地兴趣日增。国际贸易给商

人和城市银行家带来财富，他们加上由于新农作法而发家的人们为工业化提供了大笔资

金。

(3) Good foundation in economy. The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious

Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert

their influence over Government policy.

1688年光荣革命限制了君主的权力，这使得强大的经济利益集团能对议会政策施加影响。

(4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers,

which could distribute their products.

英国的主要城镇皆靠近海港或河流，货物运送便利。

(5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power.

Britain also had useful mineral resources.

英国许多河流不仅用于交通，还提供水力及蒸汽动力。英国还有可用的矿产资源。

(6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.

英国工程师为训练有素的手工艺人。

(7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.

发明家受人尊重，他们解决了实际难题。

(8) Probably laissez faire and “Protestant work ethic” helped.

很可能利益于“放手干”及“新教工作道德”。

(9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland

after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers.

1707年后，英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士形成关税联盟，1807年后爱尔兰加入。因此，全国

市场不再受阴于内部的关税障碍。

(10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by

providing food for the rising population, labour for the factories, and some of the raw materials

needed by industry.

圈地运动和其它农业改良为增加的人口提供了粮食，为工厂提供了劳动力，为工业提供了

所需的一些原材料。

3．Typical examples of the inventions during the Industrial Revolution

工业革命中一些重大创新

(1) John Kay‟s flying shuttle in 1733;

1733年，约翰凯的飞梭；

(2) James Hargreaves‟ Spinning Jenny in 1766;

1766年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮纺纱机；

(3) Richard Arkwright‟s waterframe in 1769;

1769年理查德阿克赖特的水力纺织机；

(4) Samuel Crompton‟s mule in 1779

1779年塞缪尔克朗普顿的走绽纺纱机；

(5) Edmund Cartwright‟s power loom in 1784;

1784年爱德蒙卡特莱特发明的力织机；

(6) James Watt‟s steam engine in 1765.

1765年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽机。

4．Consequences of the industrial Revolution

工业革命的结果

（1） Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”;

英国成为了“世界工场”；

（2） Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation‟s wealth.

城镇迅速兴起，成为国家财富的源泉。

（3） Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working

men worked and lived in a appalling conditions.

机械化摧毁了不能投入其中的人们的生活。工人们在可怕的条件下劳动与生活。

（4） The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later

led to trade unionism.

工业革命产生了工人阶级，即无产阶级。后来形成了工会制度。

英语国家概况精讲系列（十二）

III. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)

宪章运动（1836-1848）

1. Reasons for parliamentary reforms.

议会改革的原因

(1) Power was monopolized by the aristocrats.

权力由贵族操纵。

(2) Representation of town and country, and North and South was unfair.

城镇和农村，北方和南方的代表权极不平等。

2．Three Reform Bills

三个改革法案

Between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.

1832年至1884年间通过了三个改革法案。

a) The Reform Act of 1832 (also called the “Greater Charter of 1832) abolished “rotten

boroughs”, and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing tows. It also

gave the vote to many householders and tenant‟s, based on the value of their property.

1832年的《改革法案》（也称为1832年的大宪章）废除了“衰败选区”；在新兴城镇中较

为公平地重新分配了议席；以财产价值为基础给予许多屋主和佃家。

b) The New Poor Law of 1834 forced the poor people into work houses instead of giving them

sufficient money to survive in their own homes.

1834年的新贫困法强迫穷人进工厂，而没有给他们足够的钱在自己的家里生存。

3．A People‟s Charter

人民宪章

There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of 1832 and the New Poor Law. In

1836, a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men‟s

Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (a People‟s Charter) in 1838, with the

intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points: (1)the vote for all adult males;

(2)voting by secret ballot; (3)equal electoral districts; (4)abolition of property qualifications for

members of Parliament; (5)payment of members of Parliament; (6)annual Parliaments, with a

General Election every June.

1832年的《改革法案》和《新贫困法》引起了普遍不满。1836年，一群技术工人和小店

主组成伦敦工厂联盟。他们于1838年起草了有关政治要求的宪章（人民宪章），想把它

呈送给议会。宪章有六点内容：（1）所有成年男子都有选举权；（2）进行无记名投票；

（3）平等选区；（4）议员选举废除财产资格要求；（5）议员应有报酬；（6）议会每年

六月进行大选。

4．Results of the Chartist Movement

宪章运动的结果。

Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with

trade-unionism. The working class still immature, without the leadership of a political party

armed with correct revolutionary theory. The Chartist movement was, however, the first

nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were

achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the sixth has never been

practical. Lenin said that Chartism was “the first broad, really mass, politically formed,

proletarian revolutionary movement.”

由于领导层的软弱和分歧，由于缺少与工会的协调，宪章运动失败了。当时的工人阶级还

未成熟，没有正确的革命理论武装的政党领导。但是，宪章运动是第一次全国范围的工人

阶级运动，引起了对许多严重问题的关注。在1858至1918年间，六项要求逐渐达到，尽

管第六项从未成为现实。列宁说宪章运动是“第一个广泛的、真正群众参与的，有政治组

织形式的无产阶级革命运动。”

英语国家概况精讲系列（一）

Chapter 1

第一章

Land and People

英国的国土与人民

I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts

英国的不同名称及其各组成部分

phical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.

地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

al name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger

one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.

不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and

Wales.

大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most

populous section.

英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the

Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh

苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：

爱丁堡。

(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff

威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫

(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.

北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。

Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries

that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member

countries until 1991.

英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，

至1990年止已有50个成员国。

II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征

phical position of Britain:

英国的地理位置：

Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic

Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by

the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.

英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡

和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。

north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast

are mostly lowlands.

英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。

III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊

Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).

本尼维斯山为英国最高峰，海拔1,343米。

Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km).

塞文河是英国最长的河流。全长338公里。

Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km).

泰晤士河是英国第二大河，也是英国最重要的河。全长336公里。

Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland.

(396 square kilometres).

讷湖（内伊湖）是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰。面积为396平方公里。

River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.

克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。

Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1,085m）

斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点，海拔1,085米。

IV. Climate 气候

1. Britain's favorable climate 英国有利的气候条件：

Britain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too

hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature

varies within a small range.

英国属于海洋性气候：冬季不过于寒冷，夏季不过于炎热。全年有稳定可靠的降雨量，气

温变化幅度小。

factors influence the climate in Britain:

影响英国气候的因素：

1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up

the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;

环绕四周的海水。冬天，海水可使岛内气温升高，夏天则使气温降低，从而起到平衡季节

温差的作用；

2）The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all

the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures

moderate;

一年四季盛行的西南风和西风在冬季从大西洋带来温暖、潮湿的空气，使气温适宜；

3）The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms

them.

北大西洋暖流经不列颠群岛西海岸，使气候变暖。

ll 降雨量：

Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average

annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north

and west, and a water deficit in the south and east.

英国全年降雨量稳定，平均降雨量超过1000毫米。英国北部、西部雨量过多，但是南部、

东部有所缺乏。

英语国家概况精讲系列（二）

V. The People 人口

tion distribution 人口分布：

Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the

population is urban and only 10% is rural. The population of Britain is made up mainly of the

English (81.5%), the Scottish (9.6%), the Welsh (1.9%), the Irish (2.4%), the Northern Irish

(1.8%) and other peoples (2.8%).

英国人口约570万，分布极不均匀，90%是城市人口，只有10%是农村人口。英国人口组

成为：英格兰人（81.5%），苏格兰人（9.6%），威尔士人（1.9%），爱尔兰人、北爱尔

兰人和其他民族居民。

difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish:

英伦三岛民族的祖先：

The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.

英格兰人祖先属于盎格鲁—萨克逊人，而苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰人属于凯尔特人。

difference in character个性差别：

The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their past.

威尔士人感情丰富，情绪高涨，热爱音乐，为过去感到自豪。

The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable,

generous and friendly.

苏格兰人通常被认为严肃、谨慎而且节俭，但是他们同样也热情、大方且友好。

The Irish are charm and vivacity. 爱尔兰人充满魅力，生性活泼。

difference in speech between southern England and northern England:

英格兰南方人和北方人语言上的差别：

Southerners speak the type of English close to BBC English; In northern England, regional

speech is usually "broader" than that of southern England.

南方人讲的英语接近BBC，北英格兰人的发音通常要比南英格兰人宽。

Welsh keep their language and culture in this way: 威尔士人以这样的方式使他们的语

言及文化保持活力。

Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau. The

great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod. On these occasions competitions are held in

Welsh poetry, music, singing and art.

一年中他们有称之为“艺术年会”的唱歌、跳舞、诗歌节。一年中最重要的节日是全国诗歌

音乐比赛会。在那里会举行威尔士诗歌、音乐、唱歌和艺术比赛。

main problem in Northern Ireland: 北爱尔兰存在的主要问题：

The fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who

are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities.

作为统治者的新教徒和要求更多社会、政治及经济权利的罗马天主教徒之间的斗争。

ants: 移民：

About three million have come to Britain to live and find work since World War II.

自从二战以来约有三百万人来英国生活、工作。

Chapter 2

第二章

The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)

英国的起源（公元前5000年—1066年）

Settlers （5000BC-55BC）

早期的居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年）

1．The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.

人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。

2． At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and

Rhineland.

约公元前2000年，从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽口陶器人。

3． The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.

约公元前700年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。

4． The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.

克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。

The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.

第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。

The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.

第二次高潮是约公元前400年布立吞（不列颠）人的抵达。

The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.

第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。

II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)

罗马人统治时期的英国（公元前55年—410年）

h recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a

Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain

successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was

never a total occupation.

有记录的英国历史开始于罗马人的入侵。公元前55年和54年，罗马将军朱略斯?凯撒两

次入侵英国，均未成功。直到公元43年，克劳锹才成功占领不列颠。将近四百年里，英

国人处于罗马人的占领下，但这并非是完全的占领。

2. Roman‟s influence on Britain.

The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of

Britain‟s natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.

罗马人修建了许多城镇网，道路，澡堂，庙宇和其他建筑物。他们还很好地利用了英国的

自然资源。罗马人还把基督教这门新宗教带到不列颠。

s for limited Roman influence on Britain.

罗马对不列颠的影响有限的原因。

First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never

during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact

on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.

首先，罗马人把不列颠人当作奴隶阶段的属民来对待。其次，在四世纪对罗马人和不列颠

人通婚。最后，罗马人也未影响普通不列颠人的语言和文化。

经典且能永记心间的话语(中英)

"It hurts to love someone and not be loved in return,but what is the most painful

is to love someone and never finding the courage to let the person know how you

feel."

爱上一个不爱自己的人是痛苦的．但最痛苦的，莫过於你所爱的那个人并不知道你爱他，

而你也没有勇气让他知道

"It takes a minute to have a crush on someone, an hour to like someone and a day

to love someone. But it takes a lifetime to forget someone."

对一个人有感觉需要一分钟，喜欢一个人需要一小时，爱上一个人需要一天；但是，忘记

一个人却要用上一辈子．

"There are things you love to hear but you would never hear it from the person

whom you would like to hear it from, but don't be deaf to hear it from the person

who says it with his heart."

有些说话我们很想听到，但这些说话却永远不会出自我们期待的人囗中．然而，对於由衷

地说出这些说话的人，我们不能装作听不见．

"Love is when you take away the feeling, the passion, the romance, and you find

out you still care for that person."

爱情是：当感觉、热情和浪漫统统拿掉之後，你仍然珍惜对方．

"A sad thing about life is that when you meet someone who means a lot to you only

to find out in the end that it was never bound to be and you just have to let go."

人生的悲哀是你遇上了一个对你很重要的人，他是你的一切．然而，你却没有办法留住他．

"When one door of happiness closes, another opens but often we look so long at

the closed door that we don't see the one which has been opened for us."

当一道快乐之门关上了，另一道门会随之打开．但是，我们常常眷恋着那道关上了的门，

而看不见另一道门已经打开了．

"The best kind a friend is the one you could sit on a porch, swing with, never

say a word, and then walk away feeling like that was the best conversation you've

had."

世上最好的朋友是可以默默地陪着你，甚麽也不用说．然而，当他离开时，你却会怀念

和他一起的时光．

"It's true that we don't know that what we've got until we lose it, but it's also

true that we don't know what we've bee* ***sing until it arrives."

我们往往在失去时才明白自己拥有的东西曾经多麽美好；然而，同样的真理是：当我们能

够拥有一样东西时，我们才明白从前失去一些甚麽．

"Giving someone all your love is never an assurance that they'll love you b"Never

say goodbye when you still want to try, never give up when you still feel you can

take it, never say you don't love that person anymore when you can't let go."

当你对一个人付出全部的爱，并不能保证他会同样爱你．不要期待回报，你只能等待爱意

在心滋内长．即使事与愿违，你到底也是真心爱过．

"Never say goodbye when you still want to try, never give up when you still feel

you can take it, never say you don't love that person anymore when you can't let

go."

当你仍想继续，永远不要说再见．当你仍然能够接受，永远不要说放弃．当你舍不得他，

永远不要说你不再爱他．

"Love comes to those who still hope even though they've been disappointed, to those

who still believe even though they've been betrayed, need to love those who still

love even though they've been hurt before."

爱情是属於那些曾经失意但仍然充满希望的人，是属於那些曾经被出卖但仍然充满信心的

人，是属於那些曾经被对方伤害却仍然深爱对方的人．

"Don't go for looks it can deceive; don't go for wealth, even that fades away,

go for someone who makes you smile coz only a smile makes a dark day seem bright.

Hope you find that person."

不要追求伪善的面的面孔，不要追求荣华富贵，这些东西总有逍逝的一天．追求一个能令

你微笑的人吧．一个笑靥能驱走阴霾，带来阳光．希望能找到这个人．

"There are moments in life when you really miss someone that you want to pick them

from your dreams and hug them for real. Hope you dream of that someone.

人总有思念别人的时候，你渴望他在你梦境里出现，与你实实在在的拥抱！希望你能梦见

这个人．

"Dream what you want to dreams, go where you want to go, be what you want to be

coz you have only one life and one chance to do all the things you want in life."

梦想你的梦想；到你想到的地方；做你想做的自己吧！

因为你只能活一次．

"May you have enough happiness to make you sweet, enough trials to make you strong,

enough sorrow to keep you human, enough hope to make you happy and enough money

to buy me gifts."

祝福你有足以令自己甜蜜的喜悦，足以令自己坚强的考验，足以令自己活得实在的苦涩，

足以令自己快乐的企盼及足够你送我礼物的金钱．

"Always put yourself in others shoes. If you feel that it hurts you, it probably

does hurt the person, too."

要常常设身处地为别人着想．当你觉得这样会使自己受到伤害，对方可能早已经受伤了．

"A careless word may kindle strife; a cruel word may wreck a life, a timely word

may level stress, a loving word may heal and bless."

一句无心之失可以触发争端，一句狠心话可以摧毁一生；一句适当的说话可以减轻压力，

一句情话可以替人疗伤，抚慰心灵．

The beginning of love is to let those we love be perfectly themselves, and not

to twist them with our own image, otherwise, we love only the reflection of

ourselves we find in them."

爱情是让你所爱的那个人可以做回自己，而不是成为你心中的理想形象．否则，你爱的只

是从对方身上反映出来的自己

"The happiest of people don't necessarily have the best of everything, they just

make the most of everything that comes along their way."

世上最快乐的人未必拥有最好的东西，他们只是随心所欲，使身边的一切跟随自己的意愿．

"Happiness lies for those who cry, those who hurt, those who have searched and

those who have tried, for only they can appreciate the importance of people who

have toughed their lives."

快乐是属於那些曾经哭泣、受伤、曾经努力寻找、努力尝试的人．因为他们懂得感激那些

能够感动他们的人．

"Love starts with a smile, develops with a kiss and ends with a tear."

爱情因一个微笑而发生，因一吻而滋长，最後因一滴眼泪而终结．

"The brightest future will always be based on a forgotten past, you can't go on

well in life until you let go of your past failures and heartaches." 人若没法

忘记对过去的失败和痛苦，便不能活得精采．一个美好的未来永远在於你能否忘记过去．

"When you were born, you were crying and everyone around you was smiling, live

your life so that when you die, you're smiling and everyone around you is crying."

当你出生时，你哭着，身边的人笑着．尽情享受生命吧！当你离世时，你笑着，身边的人

哭着.

趣味英语顺口溜（20则）

Evening red and morning gray,

Within just an hour,

His nose was a flower,

her lips were all aquiver;

she gave a cough, her leg fell off,

and floated down the river!

17.

Jack and Jill went up the hill,

to fetch a pail of water.

Jack fell down and broke his crown,

And jill came tumbling after.

Nau是什么意思在线翻译读音例句-filly