2023年10月10日发(作者：上海日语学校)

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长句翻译技能

长句语段（句群）结构的调整是语段翻译的难点

和主要内容之一。语段是由几个意义关系密切的句子

组成，语段的调整实际上是各个有关句子受语段总体

意义的制约而引起的句际结构调整。翻译时应注意以

下几个方面：(1) 句际“表述出发点”要尽可能地保

持“已知信息”；(2)保持描写角度的一致；(3)语句的

“前言”和“后语”要配合；(4)句际时间概念要相互

呼应；(5)句间逻辑要互相照应。

具体翻译操作时，可以使用以下几种方法：保持原序；

改变语序；拆开句子；合并句子。

例如：

1. The global economy that boomed in the 1960s,

growing at an average of 5.5% a year, and pushed

ahead at a 4.5 % a-year rate in the mid-1970,

simply stopped growing in 1981-1982. 世界经济在

60年代很繁荣，每年平均以5.5%的比率增长，到了70

年代中期仍以平均以4.5%的比率增长，但是在1981

年到1982年就完全停止增长了。（按照时间顺序）

2. If you reach Chicago by train and spend only

an hour or two there you will fell the light wind

off the lake which gives it the name “Windy City”.

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如果你乘坐火车抵达芝加哥，即使只在那里逗留一两

个小时，你也会感觉到从密歇根湖那边吹拂过来的阵

阵清风，这就是芝家哥之所以叫做“风城”的缘故。

3. This is no class war, but a war in which the

whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations

is engaged, without distinction of race, creed,

or party.这不是一场阶级之间的战争，而是一场不分

种族、不分信仰，不分党派，整个大英帝国及英联邦

全体成员国无不参加的战争。（注意：定语的顺序）

4. Congress has made laws requiring most pressure

groups to give information about how much they

spend and how they spend it, the amount and

sources of funds, membership, and names and

salaries of their representatives. 国会已经制定

法律，要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了多少钱，

怎样花的，款项的总额以及来源、成员人数、代表姓

名和薪金等情况。

5. It was our view that the United States could

be effective in both the talks outlined by the

President—that is, of ending hostilities as well

as of making a contribution to a permanent peace

in the Middle East—if we conducted ourselves so

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that we could remain in permanent contact with all

of these elements in the equation.

“这是我们的观点”是主句，也是核心信息。该

句共有四层意思：（一）这是我们的观点; （二）

美国能够有效的担当起总统提出的两项任务；在

中东结束敌对行动以及对该地区的永久和平做出

贡献；（三）如果我们采取行动；（四）以便能够

继续与中东问题各方始终保持接触的话。按照汉

语表达习惯，通常条件在前，事实在后，同位语

从句本身很长，可译成主句的主语外同位。这个

句子可以逆着原文的顺序译出。

译文：如果我们采取行动以便能够继续与中东问题各

方始终保持接触，美国能够有效的担当起总统提出的

两项任务，那就是在中东结束敌对行动以及对该地区

的永久和平做出贡献。这是我们的观点。

切断法：按意群切断:

6. Now out of that bright white snow ball of

Christmas gone comes the stocking, the stocking

of stockings, that hung at the foot of the bed

with the arm of a galling dangling over the top

and small bells ringing in the toes.

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就在那渐渐消融的晶莹洁白的圣诞节雪球中，迎来

了那只圣诞老人给孩子们装礼物的长统袜。啊，那只

最漂亮、最漂亮的袜子，它就挂在我的床头，袜筒里

装着的小木偶还露出一只胳膊在外边荡来荡去，袜子

里的小铃铛，在叮铛作响。

7. As the West sleepwalks into a decade in which

moral confidence and steadfast ness will be

increasingly needed and decreasingly found, and

as a cry for leadership issues from millions who

probably would not recognize it if they saw it,

and probably reject it they did, John Paul II

becomes more fascinating.

当西方恍恍惚惚地进入八十年代的时候，人们的道

德信念和坚韧精神日益沉沦，而获得这一切的希望又

日趋渺茫。千百万人迫切要求加强“领导”，而当胜任

的领导出现的时候，他们却又可能视而不见，或者见

到了又加以摒弃。约翰·保罗二世之所以在西方变得

越发具有魅力，其原因盖出于此。

3.1 倒置（Reversing）句子前后调整.（1）全部倒

置

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8. With a view to successfully maintaining a

balanced system implemented by a basically even

distribution of Federal resources, Federal

financial aid is given only if a state has

acceptable standards of administration. （结论

—条件）各州一先要制定符合规章的管理标准，联邦

政府才会拔给财政援助，这是为了使联邦政府财源基

本上得到平均的分配，确保实施一种平衡的财政制度。

9. A great number of graduate students were

driven into the intellectual slam when in the USA

the intellectual poor became the classic poor,

the poor under the rather romantic guise of the

Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late

fifties. 五十年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都

不可能视而见的现象，穷知识分子的“垮掉的一代”

这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国的典型的穷人，

正是在这个时候大批大学毕业生被赶进了知识分子贫

民窟。

注：倒置只是一种变通手段，并不是唯一可行的手段。

（2）部分倒置

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10. I think that① it will be of interest to every

one of us hereafter, ② whether we keep a diary

or not, to ③note down a sheet of pages the actual

circumstance which ④made him or her realize

that this terrific episode had begun, and ⑤to

record the exact time and hour when he or she

experienced that circumstance.

不论你是否有记日记的习惯，当可怖的一幕揭开的

时候，试在纸上记下当时的真情实景和准确的时间，

往后读来，我想也是饶有兴味的。（注意中文表达的顺

序和表达的简洁性）

拆离（Splitting）当长句的某些成分从句子主干中

拆开，另行处理。

11. An outsider’s success could even curiously

help the two parties to get the agreement they

want. 说来奇怪，一个局外人取得成功竟然能够促使

双方达成一项他们希望取得的协议。（单词拆离）

12. The number of the young people in the U.S.

who cannot read is incredible about one in four.

大约有四分之一的美国青年人没有阅读能力。这简直

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令人难以置信。

（2）词组拆离

13. Strolling unescorted at midday past a major

concentration of the huts just a block from the

city’s central avenues I none the less saw many

signs of occupation. 中午，我在没有导游陪伴的

时候，独自漫步街头，发现了一个很大的棚户区，很

多茅棚里还住了人。这个棚户区离中央大道很近。

（3）从句拆离

14. This land, which once barred the way of weary

travelers, now has become a land for winter and

summer vacation, a land of magic and wonder.

这个地方现在已经成为冬夏两季的休假胜地，风光

景物，蔚为奇观，而从精疲力竭的旅游者都只能到此

止步。

注：只要译者善于变通语句又不影响原意，通常可

以顺译，即采取切断式，以分句译出句首。难以连接

时用冒号或逗号隔开，因为它对下文有提示作用，便

于下文承接，可以表示对前提、结果、结论、条件、

背景等等句首成分的推演、阅释、说明、铺叙或分解，

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引导出后续分句来。

15. Such is human nature in the west that a great

many people are often willing to sacrifice higher

pay for the privilege of becoming white collar

workers.

许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领

工人的社会地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。

16. A justification beyond dispute follows that

planned obsolescence and its resultant

throw-away mentality ought to be done away with.

人为地将产品过早地废弃以及由此而产生的那种用

过就扔的浪费心理都应该去掉，这是无可厚非的。

17. Sometimes I have thought it would be an

excellent rule to live each day as if we should

die tomorrow. Such an attitude would emphasize

sharply the values of life. We should live each

day with a gentleness, a vigor, and a keenness

of appreciation which are often lost when time

stretches before us in the constant panorama of

more days and months and years to come. 有时我

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想，把每一天都当作生命的最后一天来过，也许是一

种极好的生活准则。这种态度会使生命的价值鲜明突

出，使我们以优雅的风度、旺盛的精力和高度珍惜的

心情度过每一天；而当我们觉得岁月延绵不断，来日

方长时，往往失掉这种态度。（注意增词）

I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf; I pass

my hand lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver

birch, or the rough shaggy bark of a pine; in

spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully

in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening

Nature after winter’s sleep; I feel the

delightful, velvety texture of a flower, and

discover its remarkable convolutions; and

something of the miracle of Nature is revealed

to me. Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I

place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the

happy quiver of a bird in full song. I am

delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush

through my open fingers. To me a lush carpet of

pine needles or spongy grass is more welcome than

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the most luxurious Persian rug. To me the pageant

of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the

action of which streams through my finger tips.

我钟爱地伸手抚摸，感觉出树叶的对称十分精巧，白

桦树的肌肤光滑细腻，松树皮粗糙凹凸。春天里我触

摸着树枝，满怀热望地寻觅着大自然冬眠醒来的第一

个征兆—嫩芽。我触感到，花瓣的质地柔软平滑十分

讨人喜爱，片片花瓣巧妙地卷绕成团；于是，大自然

的神奇向我展现。有时我把手轻轻地放在小树上，运

气好的时候，我能感到枝头鸟儿尽情欢唱时愉快的颤

动，清凉的溪水从我张开的手指间流过，使我欣喜无

比；对我来说，那铺满地面的松针，那软如海绵的绿

荫，远远胜过豪华地波斯地毯。在我看来，一年四季

的绚丽景色犹如一出无尽动人的戏剧，一幕紧接一幕

地从我的指尖上缓缓流过。

注：拆句的目的是化长为短，化整为零，消除行文中

的突兀或梗阻。如果取包孕式或切断原句顺译并不发

生梗阻或突然转折等问题，就没有必要拆离。不适当

的拆离，无论放在句首或句尾，都可能使人产生画蛇

添足或支离琐碎之感。取拆离式时，必须注意行文上

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的语句衔接，可行的办法是用外位语，提示成分及复

指成分（这，这是，这就是，即，即所谓，所谓等等）

以加强句子的整体感。

5.1 插入（Inserting）

所谓“插入”，就是利用破折号、括号或前后逗号将难

以处理的句子成分插入译句中。

使用此方法，应注意以下几点：1. 译文中的插

入成分不宜过长，如果太长可能形成句子主干成分隔

断过远，这时宜取拆离式，将一些相对独立的成分放

在句尾、句首。2. 注意插入的位置，就汉语而言，

最好在主语和谓语之间、谓语和宾语之间。以及其他

自然意群之间。插入部分当然必须尽量紧接被注释、

补充的部分，但也不必过于拘泥于与原文在形式上的

对应。3. 插入式只是一种不得已的变通手段，在段

落翻译中不宜多用。

18. The snow falls on every wood and field, and

no crevice is forgotten; by the river and the pond,

on the hill and in the valley.

雪，在四处飘落着。雪花撒在树梢上，撒在田野里；

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撒在河边、湖畔、山上、谷底——没有一条岩缝墙隙

里不飘满雪花。 (雪花撒落在树上，撒落在田野里；

撒落在河边、湖畔；撒落在山峦和山谷中。大雪纷飞，

连小小的岩缝中都飘进了雪花。)

In 1582 Richord Mulcaster, one of the earliest

English grammarians who paid attention to this

problem, wrote the English tongue is of small

reach, stretching no further than this island of

ours (England), nay, not there over all.

1582年，理查德·迈尔卡斯特——最早注意到这

个问题的英语语法学家之一——写道：“英语的流行范

围很小，充其量只在我们这个英格兰岛——甚至并没

有遍及全岛。”

6 重组（Recasting）

将长句结构完全捋清、将英语原意完全弄懂以后

按汉语叙事论理的习惯重新组合句子，基本上脱离了

原句的层次和结构安排。

其优点为：由于彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式的约

束，因此较易于做到汉语行文流畅，自然，一气呵成，

有经验的译者还可以因此而使译文平添文采。

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What the New Yorker would find missing is that

many outsiders find oppressive and distasteful

about New York — its rawness, tension, urgency;

its bracing competitiveness; the rigor of its

judgments; and the congested, democratic

presence of so many other New Yorkers encased in

their own world.

纽约的粗犷、紧张，那种紧迫感和崔人奋发的竞

争性；它的是非观念之严酷无情、纽约市的那种各色

人等熙熙攘攘，兼容并蓄于各自的天地之中的格局，

这一切都使那些非纽约人感厌恶和窒息，而这一切又

正是纽约人所眷恋的。

Decisions must be made very rapidly, physical

endurance is tested as much as perception,

because an enormous amount of time must be spent

making certain that the key figures at on the

basis of the same information and purpose.

必须把大量时间花在确保关键人物均已根据同一

情报和目的行事，而这一切对身体的耐力和思维能力

都是一大考验，因此，一旦考虑成熟，决策者就应迅

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速做出决策。

注：重组翻译：有以下三大特点：

一、句子较长而结构比较复杂，特别是从句较多，

层层环扣，不易切断其间的连接关系；此外，被动语

态，假设语气也常常造成顺译的障碍，再次，插入成

分、倒装、省略及句子结构上的变化迭出。

二、句义比较复杂，而在表达方法又不符合汉语的

习惯，包含很多曲折、转折、暗示等等，在这种情况

下，如将长句顺译，连接处又安排不当，则很容易造

成层次不清，逻辑混乱等毛病，使读者很不容易看懂

究竟在说什么；这时拆译也只能解决局部问题。用重

组法译这种长句，可以完全不受英语表达方法和总体

结构的约束，在译者透彻把握原意的前提下，按汉语

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求神似而不求形似，以通畅的汉语加以表达。

在实际翻译中，往往需要加以综合利用以上几种方

法，其中最基本的技法是包孕和切断。

汉语长句翻译

长句的结构特点：字数较多，层次较为复杂。主要

方法：如何断句和如何区分主从。

汉语重意合，英语重形合。长句中前者的主谓成分

较难确认，但非常重视意义的连贯，句与句之间的关

系隐藏常在字里行间。“逻辑顺序”是汉语构句所遵循

的规律，在时间上重视“时间的先后顺序”，在逻辑上

重视“前因后果关系”。例如：

重点是普及义务教育，积极发展职业及教育和成

人教育，适度发展高等教育，优化教育结构。

译文1: We must lay emphasis on making

compulsory education universal, vigorously

developing vocational and adult education,

moderately developing higher education and

optimizing educational structure. （需要补充主

语）

译文2： Great importance must be attached to

making compulsory education universal,

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vigorously developing vocational and adult

education, moderately developing higher

education and optimizing educational structure.

（可以改变句型结构）

一、原序翻译: 按照汉语的句子顺序将原文译成英文

译文也保持长句的形式。

1. 我国目前正在修订专利法和商标法，拟定要修订

的许多内容都要进一步向国际标准和国际化靠拢；有

的及时准备分两部甚至三步走，那也是为了做好协调

工作，稳妥前进，避免欲速则不达。

China is at present revising its Patent Law and,

and many of the contents recommended for revision

are coming closer to international standards and

internationalization; in respect of some other

contents, although preparations are being made

to revise them in two or even three steps, it is

only for the sake of accomplishing the task of

harmonization properly, ensuring steady

progress and avoiding the hazard of “ more haste,

less speed”.

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2. 上海针织厂有３７个企业组成，生产规模大，且

拥有众多的名牌产品，如“菊花牌”、“鹅牌”、和“三

枪牌”，公司每年的销售额高到１３亿元人民币。

Shanghai Knitting Corporation is made up of 37

enterprises and enjoys a broad production scale,

and with several well-known brands such as

“Chrysanthemum”, “Swan”, “ Three Guns”, it has

annual sales volume of about 1.3 billion RMB.

二、 分译法：汉语结构较为松散，而英语句子结构较

严谨。分译的原则是意义明晰，结构清楚，符合英语

语言的表达习惯。

(1) 汉语长句中含有反问句、反诘句或感叹句，往往

分译。

3. 盛夏炎日，一走进浙江莫干山的林间小道就汗止

心凉，加上清风拂煦，浑身有说不出的舒坦，忍不住

要赞叹一声：莫干山，好一个清凉世界！

No matter how hot it is “outside”, once you step

onto the trail through the forest on Mt. Mogan

in Zhejiang Province, the sweat withdraws from

your body. In addition, the breeze refreshes you

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with a gentle cares. How cool it is!

Take the farmers for case. They are now more

eager to use scientific methods for farming. The

amount of land devoted to hybrid rice had risen

so that the per-mu yield has gone up

considerably.

(2) 长句内若有概括句，英译时可以分译。汉语有些

句子习惯于先作概括，即先作总说，后再分述，或者

是先详尽阐述而后做概括。若是前一种情况，则在概

括部分断句分译。若是后一种情形，则将最后的总结

或概括句断开，单独分译成一个句子。例如：

7. 总之，微波只能以直线的方式传播，没有一系列

的转播塔，它们就不能越过漫长的距离，把消息传递

到遥远的地方。

In short, microwaves can only travel in

straight line. Without series of relay towers,

it is impossible for them to send messages over

long distances to remote places.

8. 灾难深重的中华民族，一百年来，其优秀人物奋

斗牺牲，前赴后继，探索救国救民的真理，是可歌可

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泣的。

For a hundred years, the finest sons and

daughters of the disaster-ridden Chinese nation

fought and sacrificed their lives, one stepping

into the breach as another fell, in quest of the

truth that would save the country and the people.

This moved us to songs and tears.

(4) 长句内含有对立句，可分译。

9. 本世纪上半夜的上海曾经是中国工业、贸易、金

融和商业的中心，有着远东大都会浪漫而传奇的历史，

吸引过不少外来资本，因而一度成为“冒险家的乐园”。

In the first half of this century Shanghai served

as the industrial, trade, financial and

commercial center of the country. It attracted

many foreign investors as a mysterious Oriental

city and an adventurers’ paradise.

10. 与会者对这个问题的观点差别太大，以致发生了

争吵，一时会场的气氛紧张起来。The opinions of the

attendants were far form unanimous about this

issue so that some of them began to quarrel with

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each other. The atmosphere at the meeting became

tense at the moment.

(5) 长句内若含有阐述句，要分译。例如：

11. 提出问题，首先就要对于问题即矛盾两个基本方

面加以大略的调查和研究，才能懂得矛盾的性质是什

么，这就是发现问题的过程。

To pose the problem, you must first make a

preliminary investigation and study of the two

aspects of the problem or contradiction before

you can understand the nature of the

contradiction. This is the process of

discovering the problem.

(6) 长句若含有多层意思时则往往分译，使关系更清

晰，更符合英语表达习惯。

12. 漫步山涧时，听得四处竹林间的淙淙泉声，众多

的溪泉汇成一条狭长而深邃的小溪，顺山势而下，及

至悬崖处，猛然跌落二三丈，形成一瀑布，水珠凉透

肌肤。Trolling along the path you can hear springs

singing everywhere in the bamboo forest. Several

little springs assemble into a narrow but deep

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little river, running along the mountainside.

Meeting a small cliff, it falls down two or three

feet with drops splashing, forming a thin water

curtain which gently covers your skin.

三、变序翻译： 按照译语的表达习惯重新组织和排列

句子的语序。

13. 四十年来(1)，武汉杂技(2) 在继承了传统杂技

技巧的基础上(3)，大胆吸收(4) 其它姊妹艺术之长

(5)，运用多种艺术手段(6) 将布景、灯光、服装、

道具、美术融为体，使杂技(7) 表演成为综合性的表

演艺术(8)。

For 40 years,①based on traditional acrobatics

techniques, ③Wuhan acrobatics ②has absorbed

bravely④ the strong points of other sister arts

⑤ and mixed together scenery, lighting, costume

and fine art ⑦by using all kinds of artistic

methods⑥ to that the acrobatic performance

becomes a comprehensive art of performance. ⑧

14. 凡外商投资企业有能力也愿意① 与天津市工业

企业② 通过技术转让，引进人才、技术帮助、经济支

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持等途径③ 共同开发④ 国家统一经营以外的⑤ 制

成品⑥，特别是开发机电产品和精细化工产品⑦，并

通过外方的销售渠道⑧ 直接为外国公司提供制成品

⑨，可以向市外经贸委申请扩大联合开发的业务⑩。

Where an enterprise is willing and able to

develop① the finished products⑥ that are not

subject to the unified operation by the State

⑤ through joint efforts④ with the industrial

enterprises in Tianjin②, particularly in

respect of machinery and electronic products and

refined chemical products⑦, by means of

technology transfer, introduction of technical

personnel, technical assistance and economic

support③, and to provide for foreign companies

the finished products⑨ through the sales

channel of the foreign parties⑧, they may apply

to the Municipal Commission of Foreign Economic

Relations and Trade for the expansion of joint

development⑩.

四、 区分主从

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英语重形合，汉语重意合。翻译时应区分句子的主

次：凡是为主的分句，即正句，用英语限定式动词结

构来表达；从属的分句，即偏句，则可采用各种非限

定式动词短语或介词短语来表达，或增加从属关联词

或通过各种从句形式来处理。

(1) 表示原因或条件的部分，一般应从属于表示结果

的部分。

15. 王冕见此光景，过意不去，叹了一口气道：“河

水北流，天下自此将大乱了。我还在这里做什么！”

Distressed by this sight, Wang Mian sighed and

said, “Now the river has left its course again.

This has invariably been a prelude to a period

of great confusion. Why should I stay here?”

16. 错误和挫折教训了我们，使我们比较地聪明起来

了，我们的事情就办得比较好一些。

Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become

wiser and handle our affairs better.

(2) 表示方式或状态的部分，一般应从属于表示行为

或动作的部分。例如：

17. 全国人民紧密团结在党中央周围，朝气蓬勃，奋

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勇前进。

Rallying closely round the Party Central

Committee, the whole people of our country are

advancing with vigor and valor.

18. 这些厂子，大搞技术革新，充分利用当地资源，

生产出大量的、多种多样的药品。

Going in for technological innovation and

making full use local resource, these plants now

turn out a wide range of medicines in great

quantities.

(3) 表示方法和手段的部分，一般应从属于表示目的

的部分。

19. 我们用自己动手的方法，达到了丰衣足食的目

的。

By using our own hands we have attained the

objective of “ample food and clothing”.

20. 我们需要一个正确的政策。这个政策的基本点，

就是放手发动群众，壮大人民的力量，在我们党领导

之下打败侵略者，建设新中国。

We must have a correct policy. The fundamental

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point of our policy is boldly to arouse the masses

and expand the people’s forces so that, under the

leadership of our Party, they will defeat the

aggressors and build a new China.

(4) 非本质的部分，一般应从属于本质的部分。例如：

21. 所有这一切，使得中国解放区……成为配合同盟

国作战、驱逐日本侵略者、解放中国人民的主要力量。

As a result, China’s liberated areas have

become…the main force driving out the Japanese

aggressors and liberating the Chinese people in

military co-operation with the allied countries.

(5) 属于修饰或说明关系的分句或短语，一般应译作

从属部分。

22. 他一边写着，一边注视着窗外，防止被巡查的人

员看见。

While writing, he would keep an eye on the

outside of the window for fear that the guard on

duty would see him.

23. 这个战争，在东方历史上是空前的，在世界历史

上也将是伟大的，全世界人民都关心这个战争。

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The people of the whole world are attentively

following this war, which has no precedent in the

history of the East, and which will go down as

a great war in world history too.

(6) 背景情况描述部分，一般应从属于结论部分。例

如：

24. 当时，无论干部和战士，长途跋涉，冻饿交加，

体质都已相当虚弱。

In those days, always on the march, always cold

and hungry, cadres and fighters alike were

physically exhausted.

(7) 否定或反说部分，一般应从属于肯定或正说部

分。例如：

25. 国际争端应在此基础上予以解决，而不诉诸武力

威胁。

International disputes should be settled on

this basis, without resorting to the use of

threat or force.

26. 必须有分析有批判地学，不能盲目地学。

We must learn with an analytical and critical

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eye, not blindly

句群与段落的翻译

句群是一群句子的组合，是大于句子、小于段落

的语法单位和表意单位。在语法上有结构关系，在语

义上有逻辑联系，在语流中衔接连贯。句群在意义上

有相对完整性，在表达上具有指向中心性。

1. 句群内的衔接与连贯

句群内的句子都是按照合理的易于理解的逻辑

关系连接成为一个整体。这些关系既包含语法关系，

又有语义和逻辑关系，如并列、承接、递进转折、

因果、假设和条件等；它们既可以靠语序表示，也

可借助虚词表示。如：

雨后，院里来了个麻雀，刚长全了羽毛。它在院里

跳，有时飞一下，不过是由地上飞到花盆沿上，或

由花盆上飞下来。看它这么飞了两三次，我看出来：

它并不会飞得再高一些，它的左翅的几个长翎拧在

一处，有一根特别的长，似乎要脱落下来。（As soon

as the rain stopped, a sparrow, almost

full-fledged, flew into the courtyard. It

hopped around, fluttered at times, darting up

to the edge of the flowerpot and back to the

ground again. Watching it move up and down like

this a couple of times, I realized that it could

not fly and higher as the plumes on its left wing

have got twisted, and one is sticking out as if

about to come off any moment.）

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(注：汉语句群里往往有些词或词组重复出现。有时

作为一种修辞手段，加强预期。原文中描述一个受

伤的小麻雀飞翔的情况，出现多达五次的“飞”，使

句群内部的语义连贯，主题突出。但英文行文往往

避免词汇重复现象，而且事实上麻雀飞的具体动作

并不完全一样，因此，译文围绕主题，采用近义词

替换的方式，分别用flew into, fluttered,

darting up, move up and down, fly等词或词组，

确切地表达了词语意义，也实现了句群的语义连贯。

2. 广东对于多数中国人来说曾经是一个特殊并充

满神秘感的省份。这多半由于它比邻香港的缘故。

自从中国共产党在1949年建立政权后，香港成为

地理上距中国大陆最近而政治制度及意识形态与

大陆大相径庭的一个区域。广东因此而成为一个

窗口，刺激并满足着中国人或外国人相互间对“异

端”的好奇心。(To many Chinese, Guangdong

Province was in the past a peculiar,

mysterious place due to its close proximity

to Hong Kong and Macao. In 1949, when the

Chinese Communist Party assumed power in

China, Hong Kong maitainted a completely

different political system and ideology,

despite being geographically a part of the

mainland. Guangdong, therefore, became the

window through which Chinese and foreigners

kept an eye on one another.)

(注：原文句群由四个结构衔接、意义连贯的句子组

成，它们之间有解证和因果关系。中心句是第一句

“广东……是个特并充满神秘感的省份。”其他三句

具体解释说明中心句的信息。其中，第二句中的指

代词“这”指代第一句中的信息，使两句语义上衔

接起来。后两句进一步说明广东地位特殊的原因，

连接词“因此”标明它们之间的因果关系。译文用

due to 合并前两句的内容，并用when , despite,

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therefore清楚地表现原文中的逻辑联系，同样实现

了句群的衔接性和连贯性，再现了原文的信息功能。

3. 作为中国最早的教育中心和科学研究中心，北京

大学聚集了中国优秀的专家学者，不断开拓创新，改

造发展，以培养出的高质量人才和做出的高水平科学

成果深刻影响和推动着中国高等教育的航程。

一百年来，北京大学为代表的中国现代大学群，

在中国走向现代化的历史进程中起到了重要的作用，

形成了光荣的革命传统和优良的学术传统。

分 析：

第一段总结了北大百年来所作的伟大贡献。基本

时态应选用现在完成时。剧中有十个动词：聚集、不

断、开拓、创新、改造、发展、培养、做出、影响和

推动。它们处在不同的语义层面上，需要仔细斟酌，

分别处理。其中“不断”英译作状语continuously.

“改造发展”宜作名词化处理，增补一个统领动词“进

行”译为engaged itself in reform and development.

“以培养出......和做出......”的意思是“目地在

于培养......和做出......”，宜处理为介词短语作

目的状语for training high-quality talent and

achieving high-level scientific fruits。 而“影

响 和推动”则属于下一层次—定语从句的内容，that

deeply influenced and advanced the ranges of

China’s higher education. 这样处理，条理分明。

第二段，其时态还是用现在完成时，与“百年来”

相呼应。句子的主语应是“中国现代大学群”，

“以......为代表的”是修饰语，可译为with Beijing

University as its stellar representative 作后

置定语。类似的例子有：在以江泽民同志为核心的党

中央领导下，under the leadership of the PCC with

Comrade Jiang Zeming at its core; 在以董建华为

首的特区政府领导下， under the leadership of the

government of Hong Kong Special Administrative

Region with Dong Jianhua as its head.

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“重要的先锋作用”主要强调“先锋作用”（a

pioneering role）。后面的“优良”有fine, good 或

superior。但在这样的语境中，都不太合适，前两个

太泛，分量较轻。而exemplary( 模范的)却是一个精

心挑选的词汇，准确的传达了原文的意思。

Reference Version:

As China’s earliest center of education and

scientific research, Beijing University has

attracted China’s most brilliant specialists and

scholars, continuously opened up, blazed new

trails, engaged itself in reform and development

for training high-quality talent and achieving

high-level scientific fruits that deeply

influenced and advanced the range of China’s

higher education.

Over the past hundred years, this group of

China’s contemporary universities, with Beijing

University as its stellar representative, has

played a pioneering role in China’s historical

course toward modernization, forming a glorious

revolutionary as well as an exemplary tradition.

4. 当前的最重要的任务是发展国民经济，提高人民

生活水平。为了实现这个目标，我们必须改革旧的经

济体制，以便进一步解放生产力。我们应当向世界敞

开大门，一边学习其他国家先进的科学和技术。只要

我们坚持改革开放政策，就一定能把我国建设成为强

大的社会主义强国。

解 析：

本篇短文是报刊社论题材，语言特征是语气严肃、

正式，用于准确经济。翻译要力求体现上述特征，译

成具有严肃的、权威性的论说问题。

第一句的主语是“当前最重要的任务”。通常可能

想到的译法是：一般要有一个比较范围，而此处强调

的是“首要的、主要的”译成the most important task

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不够准确，译为the primary task更为贴切。“提高

生活水平”不能想当然译为improve the living

levels of the people 而应为 to raise the people’s

living standards, or to promote the people’s

living standards.

第二句话的“实现目标”一般以为to reach the

goal or to achieve this main.

第三句中的“我们应当向世界敞开大门”，强调的

是概括的抽象意义上的“对外开放”，而不是具体的“打

开大门”的行为，因此直接译为open to the outside

world较为妥当。

最后一句中的“……强大的……强国”，重复了

“强”字， 英译时只需要译出一个powerful 足矣。

Reference Version:

Our primary task at present is to develop

national economy and improve the living

standards of the people. To achieve this goal,

we must reform the old economic system and

further liberate productive forces. We should

open t o the outside world so as to learn advanced

science and technology from other countries. As

long as we stick to the reform and opening –up

policy, we shall surely be able to build China

into a powerful socialist country.

（注：句群内句子之间的逻辑关系较为隐含。译文用

了as long as，and, therefore, so as to, moreover,

so that, and 等连接词以便充分表现原文句群各句

子之间的逻辑意义，符合英文的形合特征。）

5. 我们应该大力恢复和保护森林和土地，减慢人口

增长，减轻发展中国家的债务，提高能源效率，开发

可能再生的能源，如水利、太阳能等。恢复热带森林

不仅将保护数以万计的鲜为人知的生物种，而且有助

于吸收大气中的二氧化碳---延缓“温室效应”引起

地球回暖的进程。

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分析：第一句有七个动词：大力、恢复、保护、减慢、

减轻、提高以及开发。第一个动词“大力”有多种译

法，如 strive one’s best; exert … without

reservation; make major efforts. 根据上下文的

语气，后者能起到加重语气的强调作用。

第二句的主语是动宾词组“恢复热带森林”，可以

将其转换成名词词组，译成：the restoration of

tropical forests. 类似的例子有：澳门顺利回归祖

国（smooth handover of Macao to the motherland），

经济增长过快(economic overgrowth)，解决环境污

染问题(dealing with environmental pollution)等。

第三句中的“进程”根据上下文和英、汉语表达

的差异性可以省略。

Reference Version：

We should make major efforts to restore and

protect forests and land, slow down population

growth, relieve debts of the developing

countries, raise energy efficiency and develop

renewable energy sources, such as waterpower and

solar energy. The restoration of tropical

forests will not only protect thousands of

little-known species, but help absorb dioxide

from the atmosphere—delaying the “greenhouse

effects” on warming the earth.

6. 永成大厦引进世界最先进的智能管理系统进行物

业管理。从自动门管理系统到停车场管理系统，都实

行IC卡管理。管理系统以计算机为核心，以感应式

IC卡为信息载体，确保永成大厦区内物业管理安全、

可靠、快捷、方便、使用户住得安心，用得放心。(The

most advanced intelligent management system is

applied at Yong Cheng Tower for property

management. IC cards are used from the automatic

gate system to the parking lot system. The system,

with computers as its center and IC cards as the

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identification information media, ensures a safe,

reliable, fast and convenient property

management for every resident so that they can

be worry-free.)

长句翻译范例

教学提示：

前提是必须吃透原文的内涵以及文字风格和艺术

性：文字是正式还是非正式

准确理解原文----调整原文／译文顺序-----润色

首先要理解原文的基本意思，看看一个长句在原语

里要分成各部分即有哪些主要层次，同时留意译文语

言表达的准确性和流畅性。更主要的是两种语言之间

的表达差异性，往往给译者造成一些障碍，所以必须

对重新配置原文句子结构的时间（前后）空间以及逻

辑顺序。

1. 一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过

人之处，的确不在题材的大小①。有人把奥斯丁的作

品比作越嚼越有味道的橄榄②。这不仅因为她的语言

精彩，并曾对小说艺术的发展有创造性贡献，也应为

她的轻快活泼的叙述实际上并不那么浅白，那么透明

③。史密斯夫人说过，女作家常常试图修正现存的价

值秩序，改变人们对“重要”和“不重要”的看法④。

参考译文：

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But the depth of a novel and its excellence in

artistic quality and ideological content can

never be judged by the significance or

“insignificance” of the theme. Austin’s works

have been compared to olives, which become the

more delicious the more you chew them. This is

not only because of her witty language and her

creative contributions to the development of the

art of novel-writing, but also because of her

vivid and lively narration, which is by no means

shallow or transparent. Mrs. Smith said /

observed /remarked / made a remark that women

writers often tried to rectify the prevalent

values and the existing social order and to

change people’s views as to what was important and

what is unimportant.

注释：

上面的这段文字很显然是带有评论性的话语，当然

是书面语。不言而喻在选词炼字时须斟酌。同时还要

注意避免中式英语的出现。比方说，第一句话很容易

翻译成：Whether a novel is dug out or not and

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whether its artistic style and ideology are

exceedingly marvelous…

句一中的“题材大小”不能随便译成 big or small

theme, 而是指其重大意义，译为 significance or

insignificance 较为恰当。

如果对奥斯丁的作品有比较全面地了解，翻译这段

话，恐怕问题不大。如第三句话的“精彩”二字就很

难译好：brilliant, splendid, wonderful,

marvelous，这些字都很不容易传达奥斯丁作品的特

点，如用witty可能把奥斯丁小说中的语言言简意赅，

机智精警特色全部凸现出来。还有应当注意汉语的词

组如：“价值秩序”看似一个词组，实际上是两个词组

“价值、秩序”。“透明”在英语里可供选择的词也不

少如：transparent / lucid / limpid / diaphanous

/ translucent / pellucid.

2. 英汉翻译译例

点出主题：句子结构中实际上和逻辑上的时间顺序调

整

英语的句法特点是关系词丰富，中与“空间钩搭”：先

搭起主语和谓语或动词两巨栋，然后运用各种关系把

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有关材料组成各种的关系词结集。汉语句法的特点重

“时间顺序”。为了使译文易于理解、形式恰当，必须

将原文的空间钩搭的结构转化为汉语的时间先后顺序

的结构。

I was on my way home from tramping about the

streets①, my drawings under my arm②, when I

found myself in front of the Mathews Gallery③.

我挟着画稿② 在街上兜了一番①，回家的路上不知

不觉来到马太画廊门口③。

Petra had become the leader of the girls as soon

as she snapped① out of her original depression

② at coming to Prague ③.

佩德拉为了到布拉格来③，原来是满怀抑郁②，如

今开心起来①，就立刻成为女孩子们的领袖。

We have certainly moved a long way (1) from the

text presented for our consideration (2) when

this term was first introduced a few weeks ago

(3).

几个星期前这一项目初次提出时(3)，提了一个文

本请我们考虑 (2)，与这个文本相比，我们的确取得

了不少进展 (1)。

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He didn’t blame me (1) for not having heard a

word of a story (2) which had lasted (3) while

we walked three miles (4).

我们走了三英里路 （4），一路上他一直在讲故事

（3），我却一句也听不进去 （2），可他并不见怪 （1）。

I might be joked about still (1), but

reverently (2), not hilariously, not rudely (3);

I could be smiled at (4), but not laughed at (5).

（顺译）

仍然有人难免会拿我开玩笑，可是玩笑之中却含着

几分敬意，不那么放肆、 那么粗野了；可能还有人会

笑我，但不是嘲笑了。

7. 周恩来的品德、人格、风范、情怀为中华民族树

立了一座精神丰碑。他那种勤勤恳恳、任劳任怨、全

心全意为人民服务的奉献精神；那种艰苦朴素、严于

律己、心底无私、一心为公的清廉精神；那种顾全大

局，不计较个人荣辱得失的牺牲精神；那种实事求是

的求实精神；那种言行一致的磊落精神；那种对党、

对国家和人民的高度责任感，工作一丝不苟，周密细

致的精神，正是我们今天建设社会主义精神文明迫切

需要发扬光大的。

Words and Expression to be employed:

品德 moral character 人格 personality 风范

style 情怀 noble sentiments

丰碑 a paragon 勤勤恳恳 hard and

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diligent working

任劳任怨 hard-working without any complaint

全心全意 heart and soul/ whole-hearted

奉献(精神) dedication 艰苦朴素 hard

struggle and plain living

严于律己 to be strict with oneself 一心为公

engrossment by the public interest

清廉精神 to be clean 顾全大局 in defense to

the interests of the overall situation

荣辱得失 honor or disgrace, gain or loss

求实精神 realistic approach 磊落精神 the open

and upright spirit /uprightness and openness

言行一致 to be as good as one’s words

高度责任感 high sense of responsibility 一丝不

苟 to work conscientiously and meticulously

周密细致 the strict and careful spirit 精神

文明 spiritual civilization / cultural heritage

发扬光大to carry forward

Notes:

这段文字字里行间渗透着对周总理的仰慕爱戴之

情，以文应尽量把这种深厚感情传达给译文读者，使

读者对周的人格风范和品德情怀有更深入的了解。

原文按照中文的表达习惯，使用了大量的四字格。

翻译时不宜照搬此种语言形式，它不符合英语文体的

特点和英美读者的欣赏习惯。而是 采取概略的译法，

打破原文的框架结构，删减原文的铺陈，意译原文的

意思，再现原文的精神，力求措词准确，行文流畅自

然。

短文的基本框架是：第一句概括全段中心，第二句

的重要内容体现在很长的主语上，由七个复杂的名词

词组构成：奉献精神、清廉精神、牺牲精神、求实精

神、磊落精神、高度责任感、周密细致的精神。 虽然

用词较为铺陈，但意义并不重复，而是一环扣一环。

短文最后的一个句子是谓语和表语。时间定位在“今

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天”不强调具体日期，可用一般现在时态。

现在可以分析七个名词词组的译法：

“奉献精神”，“精神、现象、情况”等为范畴词，

应予以省略，为his dedication即可。对于其前置

定语“那种勤勤恳恳、任劳任怨、全心全意为人民服

务的”不能随便译为“of”结构，而是要尽量突出重

点，用词类转换和增词法。

“清廉精神”，如直译为cleanness， 不够达意，

易产生歧义。用反译法为incorruptibility（可以商

榷）更能表达此处的意思。

“牺牲精神”如直译为his sacrifice，容易误解

为“他所做出的牺牲”， his spirit of sacrifice

更为恰当。另外，从上文语境考虑，把“种顾全大局，

不计较个人荣辱得失的”糅为一个短语，是句子结构

更为紧凑。

“那种实事求是的求实精神”，其中“实事求是”

是一种思维方式，此处指讲究实际的思想方法，选用

approach肯定比spirit更为可靠。

“磊落精神”，如果译为open-mindedness /

uprightness 完全表达汉语的“．．．．．．精神”。

“国家和人民的高度责任感”，“责任感有固定说法

sense of responsibility。

“严细精神”，指的是严格认真的工作风，“一丝不

苟，周密细致”是对“严细”的进一步强调。如译为

his strict and careful spirit of working

conscientiously and meticulously, 既平衡了句子

结构，同时也强调了重点。不用说，这样的译法，这

样长的主语依然会给读者带来堆砌感。

Reference Version:

Chou Enlai’s moral character, personality,

style and noble sentiments constituted a paragon

for the Chinese nation. His dedication as shown

in his diligent, conscientious and hard working

and whole-hearted service to the people, without

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any complaint; his incorruptibility as shown in

his plain living, being strict with himself,

selflessness and engrossment by the public

interest; his spirit of sacrifice as shown in his

never being concerned about personal honor or

disgrace, gain or loss in deference to the

interests of the overall situation; his

realistic approach of seeking truth from facts;

his open-mindedness of being as good as his words;

his high sense of responsibility to the Party,

the state and the people; his strict and careful

spirit of working conscientiously and

meticulously---are all that we need urgently to

carry forward in fostering our socialist

spiritual civilization.

说起季羡林先生的认真，那是出了名的。有一回我供

职的刊物要介绍季老，我打电话询问他的职务，他竟

认真地把年龄、籍贯、职务等逐一告相告，连挂名 的

10多种职务也不例外。他的 意思是，既然你问，我

就要说清，含含糊糊有违治学之道。

The conscientiousness of Professor Ji Xianlin

is well-known. Once the magazine for which I work

intended to carry a biographical sketch of him.

When I asked him over the telephone about his

current position, he took the matter very

seriously and told me not only his position but

also his age, place of birth, and over a dozen

of his titular positions. His attitude seemed to

be: since you have asked me, I have to make

everything clear. Vagueness and ambiguity are

not in keeping with proper scholarship.

It is characteristic of the high-minded man,

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again never or reluctantly to ask favors,（1）

but to be ready to confer them （2）, and to be

lofty in his behavior to those who are high in

station and favored by fortune （3）, but affable

to those of the middle ranks （4）; for it is a

difficult thing and dignified thing to assert

superiority over the former （5）, but easy to

assert it over the latter （6）. A haughty demeanor

in dealing with the great is quite consistent

with good breeding (7), but in dealing with those

of low estate is brutal, like showing off one’s

strength upon a cripple (8).

君子的另一个特征就是从不或不愿邀宠于人，却乐

于施宠。在春风得意、高高在上者面前，他举止傲岸，

而遭普通人面前他却和蔼可亲；显然，凌驾于前者之

上绝非易事，且不失尊严；而凌驾于后者之上，何难

之有。对高贵者傲慢乃有教养之标志，而对卑鄙者傲

慢便是野蛮无礼，就好似向一个残疾人耀武扬威。

He is no gossip; he will neither talk about

himself not about others; for he cares not that

men should praise him, nor that others should be

blamed, though on the other hand, he is not very

ready to bestow praise; and so he is not apt to

speak evil of others, not even of his enemies,

except with the express purpose of giving

offence.

他不说闲话，即不谈论自己，也不谈论他人。他不

在乎得到嘉许，也无意指责他人，（当然，他也不轻易

赠人美言）；因而他也不惯于诽谤他人，哪怕是自己的

敌人，除非有意出击。

1. 中国是一个地域辽阔,由着数千年悠久历史多民

族国家//，有着秀丽的自然风光、众多的名胜古迹和

丰富多彩的灿烂文化，旅游资源十分丰富 (1)。改革

开放以来，中国经济以年平均近10% 的速度持续增长

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//，各项事业蓬勃发展，人民生活水平显著提高，//

为旅游业的兴旺奠定了坚实的基础 (2)。中国政治稳

定，经济发展，市场繁荣//，中国政府坚持对外开放、

积极发展与世界各国的关系//，也为旅游业的发展创

造了极为有利的条件// (3)。中国政府十分充实旅游

业的发展，将旅游业作为第三产业的重点//，不断开

发旅游资源，提高服务质量，促进了国际国内旅游业

的快速发展 (4)。1996年，我国接待入境旅游者达

5100多万人次,国内旅游人数达6.4亿人次 (5)。随

着中国人民生活水平的提高，我国到境外旅游的人数

也逐年增多，为国际旅游业的发展增添了新的活力

(6)。

在我国政府制定的本世纪最后五年和下世纪前十

年的社会经济发展计划中，加快旅游业是一项重要内

容 (7)。总的目标是，积极开发和充分利用旅游资源，

搞好旅游景区开发和配套设施建设，加强管理文明服

务，加快国际旅游业和国内旅游业的发展 (8)。

参考译文：

China is a multi-ethnic country with a vast

territory and a long history covering thousands

of Years (1). It boasts of abundant tourist

resources, with beautiful natural landscapes,

numerous scenic spots and historic sites, and a

rich splendid culture (2). Since the

introduction of the reform and opening policy,

China’s economy has seen sustained growth at an

annual average rate of nearly 10 % (3). There has

been vigorous development in its various public

undertakings and marked improvements in the

people’s lives. All this has laid a solid

foundation for a boom in the tourist sector (4).

China now enjoys political stability, economic

development and a prosperous market (5). The

Chinese government sticks to the reform and

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opening policy and is vigorously developing

relations with various countries. These have

also created favorable conditions for the

development of tourism in China (6). The Chinese

government attaches great importance to the

development of tourism and regards tourism as the

top priority of its tertiary (7). It has made

unremitting efforts to tap its tourist resources,

improve its tourist facilities and upgrade its

service quality, which have effectively promoted

the speedy development of international and

domestic tourism (8). In 1996, the number of

overseas visitors China received amounted to

more than 51 million and the number of domestic

tourists 640 million (9). With the improvement

of the living standards of the Chinese people,

the number of Chinese traveling abroad has

gradually increased with each passing year,

injecting new vitality to the development of

world tourism (10).

To accelerate the development of tourism is an

important part of the social and economic

development plan worked out by the Chinese

government for the last five years of this

century and the first ten years of the next

century (11). Our general objective is to

actively tap and fully utilize its tourist

resources, carry out the efficient development

of tourist scenic areas and the construction of

coordinated facilities, strengthen management

and provide civilized services, so as to speed

up the development of international and domestic

tourism (12).

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英语专业翻译教学应以篇章为导向

Try to Discuss the Teaching Strategy of

Text-oriented Translation for English Majors

摘 要：传统翻译教学是以句子为中心，仅仅依靠语

法分析，学生的实践操作与教学内容显然脱节。笔者

认为翻译一开始就应对初学者实行篇章教学，把语法

分析纳入篇章的框架下，结合具体的语境，从篇章修

辞、英汉语的衔接与连贯对比入手，似更能培养学生

的思维能力和创造能力，在翻译中不易受到原文的限

制。这样，学生的篇章意识会逐渐建立，翻译质量自

然大大提高。

关键词：篇章翻译教学；语境，衔接与连贯，修辞

Abstract: As we know, the traditional teaching

method for translation is grammatically

sentence-centered, which has obviously led to

the disintegration of the students’ translating

practice from the teachers’ teaching. Through the

analysis of disadvantage of traditional teaching

of translation, the author has suggested that the

translation teaching should be text-oriented, in

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terms of analyzing the context, and studying

textual rhetorical devices as well as comparing

cohesion and coherence of English and Chinese.

As a result, long-standing text-oriented

translation teaching will undoubtedly help to

cultivate the students’ visualizing thinking and

abstract thinking and creativity。And also the

students will gradually establish a broad view

of text, and will take every possible factor into

account when doing translating work.

Key words: text-oriented translation teaching;

context; cohesion and coherence; rhetoric

篇章翻译要注意三个要素：

（一） 语境的分析

语境是篇章翻译的中心环节。顾名思义，语境是

指语言文字使用产生的言语环境。也就是我们通常所

说的上下文，“即词、短语、语句或篇章的前后关系”，

常常可以帮助理解词或短语成分的特定意义（转引自

王玉霓，1999）。如果语言没有了语言环境，它们仅

仅是一些完全没有任何意义的符号而已，反之亦然。

从翻译来讲，一切语言的翻译都必须依赖具体的语境。

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无论是从词义的确立、语法分析、句意的解读，还是

译文的表达，都不能脱离语境。否则，翻译将无从谈

起。笔者欲从翻译教学的译例来加以剖析，以此来应

证语境在翻译的重要性。笔者选取一篇为Felicia’s

Journey 的短文，让学生结合语境和一定的背景知识

进行翻译。原文第一段：

The sun is warm now, the water of the river

undisturbed. Seagulls teeter on the parapet in

front of her, boats go by. The line of trees that

breaks the monotony of the pavement is laden with

leaves on shades of russet. Figures stride

purposefully n a distant bridge, figures in

miniature, creatures that could be unreal.

Somewhere a voice is loud on a megaphone．

词义选择是进行翻译最基本的环节，也是较难的一

步。语言学家费尔思（Firth）所言不无道理，“Each

word when used in new context is a new word.” 因

为英语单词一词多义现象俯拾皆是。作好翻译必须明

确词义，而要确定词义只能依靠上下文，进行深入的

分析，仔细推敲，才能得到理想的译文，切记望文生

义，不求甚解。如上面一段文章中的第四句Figures

stride purposefully on a distant bridge, figures

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in miniature, creatures that could be unreal,

creatures应是对 figures的补充，很明显是指那些

生活在一定背景下的芸芸众生。 purposefully 基本

意思是① full of or expressing will（意志坚强、

果断），②directed toward a special purpose(有

目的的)。但是在练习中，大多数学生都译成了以下

句子：

(1) 那些人果断地大步走在远处的桥上。

(2) 那些人各自怀着不同的目的大步走在远处的

桥上。

(3) 远方桥上的行人大步走着，各奔东西。

（二） 篇章翻译的衔接与连贯

通常情况下，绝大多数篇章都是行文有序、语义连

贯的。语义连贯主要通过词汇衔接和结构衔接两种方

式来实现。词汇衔接指篇章中某些词语之间存在的语

义联系，分为三种情况：组合：围绕一个主题相互配

合使用的词语；重复：同一词多次出现；复指：用不

同的词语表达上文出现的某一词语及其意思（李运兴，

同上）。结构衔接是对篇章中某一词语、词组或小句，

通过同一篇章中的另一个预设结构作句法结构的比

较，回找结构中的某些未明确出现的词语、词组、或

小句，一般分为替代（人称替代，名词替代，动词替

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代和小句替代）和省略（名词省略，动词省略和小句

省略）两种（胡壮麟，1994）。篇章翻译本身要求学

生在翻译时应考虑到语义上的连贯与句子间的有序衔

接。所以篇章翻译旨在是拓宽学生的视野，加深对原

文语篇或句群的解读和整体把握，由对词句的准确理

解与表达到整个译文篇章的语义逻辑连贯。请看原文：

One of the things we have to understand about

Japanese society is its gender structure, a

structure similar to what the United States had

in the 1950s. Women do all the domestic labor.

Men are in the factories and shops and they’re

working long hours, but they don’t do much work

when they come home. They don’t take care of

children, they don’t do housework, cooking, etc.

In the U.S. there are both men and women in the

workforce and both men and women at home.

Japanese workers may work longer in the

marketplace, but you have to calculate the total

amount of work that people do to figure out how

hard people and are working and how much leisure

time they have. （横线为笔者所加）

分析：这段文字重在表述美、日两国社会性别结

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构的异同，实际上讲的就是男人是否做家务活。原文

做了比较：日本妇女做了所有的家务活（do all the

domestic labor）；男人在工厂、商店等地方上班（in

the factories and shops）。家务活包括：照看孩子

（take care of children）、家务琐事（do

housework）、 做饭（do some cooking）等。美国男

女的情况又是怎样的呢？男人妇女都得上班 (both

men and women in the workforce)，也都得做家务

（men and women at home）。此处的both men and women

at home 应是指男女在家里做家务，决不是只纯粹呆

在家里；at home在语义上与do the domestic labor

构成同义复指关系。与factories and shops 构成复

指关系的还有marketplace（不能译成市场，不然读

者会认为日本男人都在市场上班）。这段文字可以译

为：

我们必须了解日本社会的一个特点，那就是它的

性别结构，类似美国五十年代的性别结构。妇女包揽

全部家务活，男人到工厂、商店上班，工作时间很长，

但回到家里就什么也不干了。他们不照管孩子，不做

家务事，不做饭等等。而在美国，男人和妇女都得上

班，也都得做家务。日本工人可能在单位工作时间较

长，但是在估计人们劳作的辛苦程度以及他们有多少

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闲暇时，应把整个劳动量都算进去。

除了语义连贯以外，我们还须重视篇章翻译译文

表达上的逻辑连贯。篇章中的连贯主要是指相邻句子

间的连接关系，可经前句从逻辑上预见后续句的语义。

如果要在译文里体现原文逻辑上的连贯，需要连接词

的使用，句法手段，词、句的有序排列。因为英汉语

在句法表现方面差异较大，英文注重形式上的连接，

汉语体现在句子间内在意义上的逻辑连接。故不能直

接依照原文语序顺译，不顾汉语的逻辑一味追求遵循

原作，必然造成对原文的不忠实，甭说再现原文的神

韵与丰姿。译者必须对译文做出相应的调整，当然不

是无原则想当然的调整，而是建立在透彻理解原文主

旨的基础上。不妨看看罗素的How to Grow Old 第二

段的后部分，原文：

An individual human existence should be like

a river—small at first, narrowly contained

within its banks, and rushing passionately past

boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the

river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters

flow more quietly, and in the end, without any

visible break, they become merged in the sea, and

painlessly lose their individual being. The man

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who, in old age, can see his life in this way,

will not suffer from the fear of death, since the

things he cares for will continue. And if, with

the decay of vitality, weariness increase, the

thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should

wish to die while still at work, knowing that

others will carry on what I can no longer do, and

content in the thought that what was possible has

been done. （粗体为笔者所加）

译文：个人的存在应象河流那样：起初细小狭窄，

被两岸所禁锢，（然后）热情澎湃的奔腾过巨石，从瀑

布中坠落。渐渐地，河面宽广，两岸退去，水流加速。

最后，它们没有任何可视见的停顿融注入大海中，静

静地失去了自我。（如果）老人这样看待人生，他将不

再承受死亡的恐惧，（因为）他所在乎的一切仍将持续

下去。（如果）这样，即使活力衰竭，忧虑增长，死亡

也不会是那么不受欢迎。我希望在工作时死去，（因为）

我知道我所不再能做的别人会做下去，并且我为完成

那些可能的事而感到满足欣喜。 （横线和括号为笔者

所加）

分析：作者用非常精炼优美的语言表达了内涵丰富

的思想及色彩绚丽的形象。比如把人生比作河流：细

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流——瀑布——大海——失去自我 / 融入大海，这

样构筑了各形象之间关系。译作者应利用逻辑思维捕

捉各个形象之间的关系，再进行准确地表达。首先要

注意译文的逻辑与语义连贯，才能真正再现原文美学

价值。上译文显然受到了原文的束缚，语义体现不够，

逻辑不够严谨，还出现漏译。如：“被两岸所禁锢”、

“从瀑布中坠落”、“不会是不受欢迎”等是对原文的

逐字翻译，译者对译文缺乏推敲，对具体语境中的关

键字词考察不够。值得肯定的是译者用了大量连接词

过渡，如：“然后、如果、因为”等，但似乎过多。如

果连接词用得过多，既会使人感到是照搬原文，妨碍

译文表达的流畅性；如果连接词用得过少，有可能造

成句际间逻辑上的不连贯，甚至引起歧义。通过分析，

上面的译文可改译为：

人生好比一条河，开始是峡谷细流，接着是急流涌

进，冲过巨石，飞下悬崖。后来河面渐宽，河岸渐远，

河水越发平缓，最后汇入大海，与海水浑然一体，自

然而然地结束其个体的存在。一个人到了老年能这样

看待自己的一生，也就不会怕死了。因为他所关心的

一切将继续下去。如果精力衰竭，倦怠日增，那么长

眠未尝不是件好事。我倒希望在工作中死去，知道事

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（三）修辞与译文表达

如果说篇章翻译是翻译教学的中心环节，那么修

辞转换又是篇章翻译的中心。翻译实践表明只有以修

辞转换为中心的篇章翻译，才能产生高质量的、能传

达原文艺术风格和言语风格的译文。在篇章翻译教学

中，以修辞等值转换为重心能够培养学生的英汉语言

对比研究能力、综合运用能力以及创造性思维能力，

也就是说能从根本上帮助学生构建篇章意识。文学篇

章翻译必须要解决三个方面问题：语符的表层转换，

语义深层等值转换和语用修辞层的等值转换。文学语

言的艺术价值和美学价值的再现程度如何，主要取决

于对原文的修辞理解与转换度的大小。修辞往往涉及

到原文的语言特点，作者的用意等方面。语言特点实

-

如The sun is warm now, … boats go by

译文：

（1） 阳光和煦，河水平静如镜。

（2） 和煦的阳光下，江水静静地流淌。

（3） 暖洋洋的阳光下，河面波光粼粼。

罗素的名篇How to Grow Old，这篇散文反映罗素

语言风格是简洁流畅，清澈晶莹，语流优美。文章用

类比修辞格把人生比作流入大海的河流，描绘出人生

少年、青壮年和老年时代三部曲的生命历程，以小见

大，用精练的语言表达了丰富的思想，揭示了篇章深

层的主题：个人的生命和宇宙的生命日趋融合是人生

晚年幸福的关键。翻译这样的文章，译者首先在整体

上把握住散文的语言风格，充分利用形象思维，体味

其艺术魅力。下面以文中一句为例：Young men who

have reason to fear that they will be killed in

battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought

that they have been cheated of the best things

that life has to offer.

译文（1） 如果青年人由于某种原因认为自己有可

能在战斗中死去，想到生活能提供的最美好的东西，

自己全都无法享受，觉得受了骗，因而感到痛苦，这

是无可指责的。

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译文（2） 他们担心在战斗中死去是有道理的，想

到生活要赋予的最美好的东西，竟化为泡影，自然要

难过的。

A Tramp Abroad是马克·吐温的名篇之一，以其中

一段为例看看修辞的转换程度是否对译文的质量产生

较大影响。原文用遒劲豪放的笔触，三言两语就把沿

途绮丽的风光，鲜明生动地勾画出来，简练而富有气

势，流畅明快中洋溢着抒情的诗意。文学翻译的一条

主要原则是：尽量传达原文的修辞色彩以体现原文的

语言风格和艺术魅力。原文：

We went by the way of Tete Noir, and after we

reached high ground there was no lack of fine

scenery. In one place the road was tunneled

through a shoulder of the mountain; from there

one looked down into a gorge with a rushing

torrent in it, and on every hand was a charming

view of rocky buttresses and wooded heights.

There was a liberal allowance of pretty waterfall,

too, on the Tete Noir route.

分析：这段文字着重描写沿途风光美丽无比。应该

先让学生利用形象思维，在翻译前通过原文文字在脑

海形成一种印象（form a mental picture），使其身

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临其境，亲眼所见，那些文字仿佛是出自自己的笔端。

翻译时尽量摆脱原文句子结构的束缚，充分发挥译语

优势，把作者笔下胜景一一再现出来。整段共三个句

子，第一句采用分译法和正反译法即可表达。尤其是

第二句，此句由三个分句组成，第二个分句from there

one looked down into a gorge with a rushing

torrent in it，第三分句on every hand was a

charming view of rocky buttresses and wooded

heights是一个倒装句，可把英语的介词结构分译成

能够产生美学效果的词组，把of 前后的名词短语分

译为汉语的主谓词组形成结构上的对称，音韵和谐的

平衡排比句式，“到处是山石嶙峋，密林峰颠，景色迷

人”，能够比较得体地传达原文流畅明快、简练的语言

风格。其中of相当于characterized by 或having 主

要说明a charming view 的具体特征。第三句是个存

在句，译法与第二句差不多，该句的信息焦点就在名

词结构a liberal allowance上。信息焦点的等值是

保证句子修辞层等值的关键。多数情况下，汉语信息

焦点在句末，翻译时宜把句子切分成两部分，利用移

位手段把名词结构移到句末，只有这样，句子的修辞

层才能从意义上达到真正的等值。译文：

我们途径黑山，登高远瞩，佳境美不胜收。那边是

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穿过山脊的道路，下边是峡谷激流。到处是山石嶙峋，

密林峰巅，景色迷人。沿途还有那动人的瀑布，真是

大自然的慷慨恩赐啊！

以Felicia’s Journey 中的第三段来看，对原文语

体特色分析是否明显影响译文表达。原文：The gap

left where a tooth was drawn a fortnight ago has

lost its soreness. She feels it with her tongue,

pressing the tip of her tongue into the cavity,

recalling the aching there has been. It was the

Welshman, Davo, who said that. They went along

together because he knew the way. “ Not many would

bother with your toothache” Davo said. Not many

would think toothache would occur in a derelict’s

mouth. “ You can always come back,” the woman

dentist said. “Don’t be in pain.”

分析：这一段是以回忆为主，作者使用了意识流写

作手法，每个句子间都不见连接词，前后逻辑不连贯，

而是想到什么说什么，没有头绪，其目的是为了衬托

主人公生活没有目的性。翻译时务必保持原文的这种

写作特色。在翻译练习中，有不少学生因感到这儿写

得太乱，重新组织了句子，使译文更通顺，衔接自然。

其实，这是对原文语言风格理解不透的缘故，这种做

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法恰好违背了作者的写作意图，破坏了原文的本色，

不能真正译出原文的涵趣。William Trevor这位爱尔

兰作家不至于连通顺的英文句子都写不出来吧？ 所

以恐怕只能顺从作者的用意，多想想他的写作目的，

尽量去传达而不是随意去改变或破坏原文本身的风

格。这段可译为：

半个月前拔掉的牙留下的豁口，现不再疼痛。她用

舌头舔了舔，用舌尖抵进豁口里。想到了当时的疼痛。

是那个叫达沃的威尔士人说的，他们曾同路，因为他

识路。“没有多少人会为你的牙痛操心的”达沃说。是

的，没有多少人会想到无家可归的人也会牙痛。“你随

时都可以来，”那个女牙医说，“别强忍着。”

真正明白“No context, no text ”务必要“瞻

前顾后”。

Mini-novel text to be translated and analyzed

她迈着沉重的脚步，回到离别三年的家乡。三年

前，他参与了一个盗窃团伙被判刑三年，在劳改农场，

因表现突出被提前一年释放。

为了逃避那双双熟悉的眼睛，释放后，经人介绍，

他来到湖南省南县一家木器厂做临时工。但强烈的思

乡之情促使他踏上了归乡旅途。回到家乡后，家乡的

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一切都令他感到亲切可爱。他暗暗下决心：一定重新

做人。

一天邻居王二婶把钥匙锁在家里，很多热心人都

前来帮忙，但都无济于事。人们找到他， 但被拒

绝了。王二婶哀求地说：“东宝，求求你了，要是我当

家的回来，我又少不了一顿揍。”

他知道，他丈夫很粗野，经常打她，他心软了，找来

工具费了好半天帮王二婶打开了锁。王二婶感激万分，

特意买来一盒过滤嘴香烟，非要塞给他。在场的人惊

愕地看着他，一个劲地夸他有本事。

第二天，他发现有好几户邻居的门上上了双把

锁。几天后，他又离开了家乡，还是到那家木器厂做

临时工。

分析：

With heavy steps, he returned to his hometown

which he had been away from for 3 year.

分析：迈着沉重的脚步，翻译时应适用介词短语，主

要是考虑这本身是一种感觉作用，即本为心情之沉重，

感觉为脚步的沉重，故译为介词短语。译为动词会让

人感到动作感太强，让人觉得真的是身体疲惫，而飞

心情之沉重。不可译为He dragged his heavy legs…

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离别三年已成he left his hometown 3years ago不

够恰当。

Three years ago, he was arrested and sentenced

to 3 years’ reform through labour for he had

joined a gang of thieves.

句中“被判三年”如译为he was sentenced 3years’

imprisonment. 这样有两点不当，一是sentence 一

词在英语中多和be arrested 或be tried 搭配；其

二，“判刑”的刑有多种。Imprisonment多事之牢房

监狱，而不是“劳改”从下文来看。主人公是“劳改”

而不是“坐牢房”

When he worked on the reform form, he behaved

himself so well that he got release one year

before his term.

“在劳改农场”是指他在整个服刑期间强调时间。

应译为when…

In order to avoid those familiar eyes, he

didn’t return to his hometown after his release

but found an odd job through introduction in a

furniture plant in Nanxian County of Hunan

Province.

原文有逻辑上的跳脱，在英译时体现性和的特点，

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是结构和意思更加完整。故增加he didn’t return to

his hometown. 说明湖南南县并非其家乡。“经人介

绍”最好不译为“he was introduced to work in…

往往会给人以错觉，认为是专门给他们介绍和安排工

作，还是译成主动句he found an odd job through

introduction.

However, the strong feeling of homesickness

drove him on his way home.

其实也可以说成是send sb on his way home，

When he was back home, he found everything was

so dear and lovely, he said to himself: I must

turn a new leaf.

原文“回到家乡” 不一定按字面意思译为After…

因为这里并不强调先后关系，用when…更加自然。“暗

暗下决心”不必字对字的译出secretly等，“决心”

也可省掉因为后面的内容都是一种决心。

One day, Aunty Wang, a neighbor of his, locked

her key in the house and could not get in many

warm-hearted neighbors came around for help but

they could do nothing about it.

在句中增添了could not get in，使意思更为连贯。

“许多热心人”主要就是指“邻居”。

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People thought of him and asked him for help

but were refused.

不直接译为people asked him for help, 而增加

thought of him and asked him for help，这样使

读者联想到为什么别人大不开锁会去找他，因为没钥

匙而打开锁是盗窃犯常干的事，而主人公曾在这种团

伙中干过。可能会有这种本事，而且为什么立志重新

做人的主人公会拒绝为别的帮忙，因为把不愿让人们

想起他不光彩的过去，可以说增加这一词组，不仅把

主人公的心理活动暗示出来，还会是意思更加完整，

句子结构更为连贯，也增添了文章的情趣。

Aunty Wang begged him: “ Dongbao! Do help me

please, or when my man is back, he will surely

beat me!”

“求求你了！”一句 可能有多种译法，但每考虑说

话人的身份和场合，不宜过文，也不宜过简，“give me

a hand” 过文则不合身份，过简则 显不出焦虑，如：

will you please do ma a favor? Would you mind…，

故选用口语较强，而语气又较强的强调句式do help

me please. 另外增添连接词or 否则前后不连贯。“要

是我当家的回来，”不能译为if… 这样以冲淡了紧张

和急迫的气氛，似乎其丈夫可能回来也可能不会回来。

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应改为when…

He knew her husband was rude and often beat her,

he pitied her and gave in.

He found some tools and it tool him quite some

time to unlock the door.

“找来工具”“不宜译为took some tools. 因为这

样给人印象“工具就在身边，信手可拿”

这与前面所说“重新做人”相矛盾。

Aunty Wang was so grateful that she brought a

pack of filter cigarettes and forced it into his

hand. The people around watched him amazedly and

all praised him for his skillful hand.

“一个劲的”不宜译为kept on praising him, 而

应理解为众口一词，故用all prasied him.“惊鄂”

不 可译作surprisingly or astonishedly, 因为这

两个词都有“出乎意料”之意，但 文中却表“惊呀”

他竟是如此麻利地把锁打开。故 用amazedly “真有

本领”应根据上下文意为skill or skillful hand，

侧重于开锁的灵巧。

The next day, he found there was one more lock

on several neighbors’ doors.

A few days later, he left his hometown and went

back to the furniture plant again.

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Texts to be translated

TEM-8

Translate the following into Chinese or English

(TEM-8)

(2000)

SECTION A:

中国科技馆的诞生来之不易。与国际著名科技馆

-

SECTION B:

If people mean anything at all by the

expression “untimely death”, they must believe

that some deaths nm on a better schedule than

others. Death in old age is rarely called

untimely—a long life is thought to be a full one.

But with the passing of a young person, one

assumes that the best years lay ahead and the

measure of that life was still to be taken.

History denies this, of course. Among

prominent summer deaths, one recalls those of

MariLarry Monroe and James Deans, whose lives

seemed equally brief and complete. Writers

cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died

at 26, and only half playfully judge their own

lives as failures when they pass that year. The

id ea that the life cut short is unfulfilled is

illogical because lives are measure d by the

impressions they leave on the world and by their

intensity and virtue.

(2001)

SECTION A原 文

乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。但他另外两大爱好却鲜为

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人知，那就是钓鱼和喝酒。晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓，他

说，“有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会

给人好心情。我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适的、给

你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园，而是那极其有吸引力的大自

然野外天成的场所。” 钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运

动，有益于身心健康。乔羽说：“钓鱼可分三个阶段：

第一阶段是吃鱼；第二阶段是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之；

第三阶段主要是钓趣，面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全

都抛在一边，使自己的身心得到充分休息。”

SECTION B：

Possession for its own sake or in competition

with the rest of the neighborhood would have been

Thoreau’s idea of the low levels. The active

discipline of heightening one’s perception of

what is enduring in nature would have been his

idea of the high. What he saved from the low was

time and effort he could spend on the high.

Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but

he would put into feeding himself only as much

effort as would keep him functioning for more

important efforts.

Effort is the gist of it. There is no happiness

except as we take on life-engaging difficulties.

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Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the

satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on

how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost

was thinking in something like the same terms

when he spoke of “The pleasure of taking pains”.

The mortal flaw in the advertised version of

happiness is in the fact that it purports to be

effortless.

We demand difficulty even in our games. We

demand it because without difficulty there can

be no game. A game is a way of making something

hard for the fun of it. The rules of the game are

an arbitrary imposition of difficulty. When

someone ruins the fun, he always does so by

refusing to play by the rules. It is easier to

win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure,

to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun

is in winning within the rules. No difficulty,

no fun.

TEM 8(2004)

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Section A.

For me the most interesting thing about a

solitary life, and mine has been that for the last

twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly

rewarding. When I can wake up and watch the sun

rise over the ocean, as I do most days, and know

that I have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted,

in which to write a few pages, take a walk with

my do, read and listen to music, I am flooded with

happiness.

I’m lonely only when I am overtired, when I have

worked too long without a break, when for the time

being I feel empty and need filling up. And I am

lonely sometimes when I come back home after a

lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people

and talked a lot, and am full to the brim

Then for a little while the house feels huge

empty, and I wonder where my self is hiding. It

has to be recaptured slowly by watering the

plants and perhaps, by looking again at each one

as though it were a person.

It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing

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up in fountains, but the moment comes when the

world falls away, and the self emerges again from

the deep unconscious, bringing back all I have

recently experienced to be explored and

understood.

1. The Orange

Of the fruits of the year I give my vote to the

orange.

In the first place it is a perennial—if not

in actual fact, at least in the greengrocer’s shop.

On the days when dessert is a name given to

handful f chocolates and a little preserved

ginger, when macedoine de fruits is the title

bestowed on two prunes and a piece of rhubarbs,

then the orange, however sour, comes nobly to the

rescue; and on whose other days of plenty when

cherries and strawberries and raspberries and

gooseberries riot together upon the table, the

orange, sweeter than ever, is still there to hold

its own. Bread and butter, beef and mutton, eggs

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and bacon, are not more necessary to an ordered

existence than the orange.

It is well that the commonest fruit should be

also the best. Of the virtues of the orange I have

not room fully to speak. It has properties of

health giving, as that is cures influenza and

establishes the complexion. It is clean, for

whoever handles it on its way to your table, but

handles its outer covering, its top coat, which

is left in the hall. It is round, and forms and

excellent substitute with the young for a cricket

ball. The pip can be flicked at your enemies, and

quite a small piece of peel makes a slide for an

old gentleman.

But all this would count nothing had not the

orange such delightful qualities of taste. I dare

not let myself go upon this subject. I am a slave

to its sweetness. I grudge every marriage in that

it means a fresh supply of orange blossom, the

promise so much golden fruit cut short. However,

the world must go on.

With the orange we do live year in and year out.

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That speaks well for the orange. The fact is that

there is an honesty about the orange which

appeals to all of us. If it is going to be bad—for

the best of us are bad sometimes—it begins to

be bad from the outside, not from the inside. How

many a pear which presents a blooming face to the

world is rotten at the core. How many an

innocent-looking apple is harboring a worm in the

bud. But the orange has no secret faults. Its

outside is a mirror of its inside, and if you are

quick you can tell the shipman so before he slip

it into the bag.

2. The Special Joys of Super-slow Reading

I took home a briefcase full of trouble. As I

sat down on that hot and humid evening, there

seemed to be no solutions to the problems

thrashing around in my brains. So I picked up a

book, settled into a comfortable chair and

applied my own special therapy—super-slowing

reading.

I spent three or four hours on two short

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chapters of Personal History by Vincent

Sheean---savoring each paragraph, lingering

over a sentence, a phrase, or even a single word,

building a detailed mental picture of the scene.

Relishing every word, I joined foreign

correspondent Sheean on a mission to China and

another to Russia. I lost myself in the author’s

world. And when finally I put it down, my mind

was totally refreshed.

I discovered its worth years ago…Previously,

if I had been really interested in a book. I would

race from page to page, eager to know what came

next. Now, I decided, I had to become a miser with

miser words and stretch every sentence like a

poor man spending his last dollar.

I had started with the practical object of

making my book last. But by the end of the second

week I began to realize how much I was getting

from super-slow-reading itself. Sometimes just

a particular phrase caught my attention,

sometime, a sentence. I would read it slowly,

analyze it, read it again—perhaps changing down

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into an even lower gear—and then sit for 20

minutes thinking about it before moving on, I was

like a pianist studying a piece of music, phrase

by phrase, rehearsing it, trying to discover and

recreate exactly what the composer was trying to

convey.

3. 为学

天下事有难易乎？为之，则难者亦易矣；不为则

易者亦难矣。人之为学，有难易乎？学 之，则难者亦

易矣；不学，则易者亦难矣。

蜀之鄙有二僧：其一穷，其一富。贫者语于富者

曰：“吾欲之南海，何如？”

富者曰：“子何恃而往？”

曰：“吾一瓶一钵足矣。”

富者曰：“吾 数年来欲买舟下，犹未能也。子何

恃而往！”

越明年，贫者自南海还，以告富者，富者有惭色。

西蜀之去南海，不知几千里也。僧富者不能至，

而贫者至焉。人之立志，顾不入蜀鄙之僧哉！

光与色

目睹物而知形，然形非色不见；色非光不见。故色

必资乎光；昼资乎日，夜资乎月星与火。光盛则色显，

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光微则色隐。色依光以现其形；色浓则明，色淡则藏；

色立乎异，则相得益彰，色傍乎同，则若存若亡。

黔之驴

黔无驴，有好事者，船载以入；至则无可用，放

之山下。虎见之，庞然大物也，以为神；蔽林间窥之。

稍出，近之，佞佞然莫相知。他日驴一鸣，虎大骇远

遁，以为噬己也，甚恐。然往来试之，觉无异能者。

益习其声又进出前后，终不敢搏。稍近益狎，荡依冲

冒；驴不胜怒，蹄之。虎因喜，计之曰：技止此耳。

因跳踉大啖，断其喉，尽其肉，乃去。噫：形之龙者，

类有德，声之宏者，类有能。向不出其技，虎虽猛，

疑畏卒不敢取；今若是焉。悲夫！

4

四季变幻 难画难诗

杭州的春天，淡妆浓沫，无不相宜；夏日荷香阵阵，

沁人心脾；秋天，桂枝飘香，菊花斗艳；冬日，琼装

玉琢，俏丽迷人。西湖以变幻多姿的风韵，令人心旷

神怡。

两江一湖 别具风光

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郁郁葱葱的峰岭之间，一条碧澄的玉带逶迤而过，

这是美丽的富春江。溯源而西，便是中国“第二漓江”

之称的新安江。尽头处，有浩瀚的“千岛湖”。人们来

到这里，无异于回到了大自然的怀抱，能充分享受纯

朴的自然灵气。

美的山水 美的艺术

美的山水孕育着美的心灵，美的心灵创造出美的艺

术。历来大诗人、大文学家、大艺术家，多在杭州留

下了不朽的篇章。杭州的民间艺术更是异彩纷呈，引

人瞩目。

宾馆舒适 名菜可口

杭州的宾馆，设备新颖，服务周到。西湖名菜有南

宋风味，载誉已久，其特点是用鲜活材料制成，保持

原汁原味，美味可口。

工业发展 大有前途

杭州丝绸纺织等传统工业历史悠久；电子工业和食

品工业正在崛起；这里是发展无污染工业的理想之地。

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